Learnings Of The Week!!

by:Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

In our lesson in TLE, I learned a lot. I know already about the history of the computers. From the Pre – Mechanical Age, Mechanical Age, Electromechanical Age and Electronic Age. I also understand about the generations of computer from the first generation of computer up to the second generation of computer. All these lessons are very significant to all of us, so that we can be able to relate the actual events to the past. And we can also solve the problem if we have commited already some errors in the past.

For you yo know some of our lessons, I want to share it with you. I hope you will internalyze and use these lessons.

Pre-Mechanical Age

Writing and Alphabets-communication.First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings.3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised cuniformAround 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbolsThe Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.
Paper and Pens--input technologies.Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plantaround 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based.
Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"The Egyptians kept scrollsAround 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together.
The First Numbering Systems.Egyptian system:The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system.Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. The First Calculators: The Abacus. One of the very first information processors.

Mechanical Age

The First Information Explosion.
Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany)Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450.The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers.The first general purpose "computers"Actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers."Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine.Slide Rule.
Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide ruleEarly example of an analog computer.The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62).He invented The Pascaline.
Leibniz's Machine.Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), German mathematician and philosopher.He invented the The Reckoner.
Babbage's EnginesCharles Babbage (1792-1871), eccentric English mathematician. He invented the The Difference Engine.Working model created in 1822.The "method of differences".The Analytical Engine.
Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.Designed during the 1830sParts remarkably similar to modern-day computers.The "store"The "mill"Punch cards.Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph Marie Jacquard's (1752-1834) loom.Introduced in 1801.Binary logicFixed program that would operate in real time.
Augusta Ada Byron (1815-52).
The first programmer

C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.

The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.The Beginnings of Telecommunication.Voltaic Battery.Late 18th century.Telegraph.Early 1800s.Morse Code.Developed in1835 by Samuel MorseDots and dashes.Telephone and Radio.Alexander Graham Bell.1876Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated.These two events led to the invention of the radioGuglielmo Marconi1894
Electromechanical ComputingHerman Hollerith and IBM.Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) in 1880. Invented the Census Machine, Early punch cards, Punch card workers.
By 1890The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
Mark 1.Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard UniversityBuilt the Mark ICompleted January 19428 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts D.

The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.

First Tries.Early 1940sElectronic vacuum tubes.Eckert and Mauchly.The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes:Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr.; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon.and Computer (ENIAC)1946. Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do its calculations.Hence, first electronic computer.Developers John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineerThe Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of PennsylvaniaFunded by the U.S. Army.But it could not store its programs (its set of instructions) The First Stored-Program Computer(s)Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer.John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945:"The Report on the EDVAC"British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans.Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester UniversityWhere the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program computer.Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years before EDVAC was finished.Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (i.e., not a prototype).The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)Remington Rand.First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951.But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into action a few months before UNIVAC and became the world's first commercial computer. I also learned about The Four Generations of Digital Computing.

The First Generation (1951-1958).

Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.Punch cards to input and externally store data.Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data and programsPrograms written inMachine languageAssembly languageRequires a compiler.

The Second Generation (1959-1963).

Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element.AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940sCrystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistorMagnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology.High-level programming languagesE.g., FORTRAN and COBOL

The Third Generation (1964-1979).

Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as external storage devices.Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.Operating systemsAdvanced programming languages like BASIC developed.Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their start in 1975. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present). Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs)Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits (an entire CPU = Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.Which allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs, like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC.Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs.Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had 16k RAM.First Apple Mac released in 1984.IBM PC introduced in 1981.Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)Fourth generation language software productsE.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and many others.Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980s.

Learningd of the Weeks 2 (betinol)

1642
A French mathematician named Blaise Pascal invented the a mechanical calculation machine, he called it Pascaline.
1671
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), invented a machine called the stepped reckone .
1801
Joseph Marie Jacquard's automatic loom. Which has parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers, the "store", the "mill" and Punch cards.
1820
Arithmometer became the first mass-produced calculator
Developed by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870) in France.
1821
Charles Babbage (1792-1871), invented the first modern computer design: a steam powered adding machine called “the difference engine” and the “analytical” engine which are the first thinking machines.
1842
Ada Augusta Lovelace (1815-52).
The first program was written by Lady Byron.
She is credited as being the first computer programmer.


The Electromechanical Age 1840-1940
The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.

· Voltaic Battery. The first electric battery, known as the Voltaire pile was invented 8th century by Alessandro Volta.
· Telegraph. Samuel F.J. Morse conceived of his version of an electromagnetic telegraph in 1832 and constructed an experiment version in 1815.
· Telephone and Radio. Alexander Graham Bell invented the Telephone in 1876. Followed by the discovery of electric waves by Guglielmo Marconi. These two events led to the invention of radio.
· 1852-George Boole develops binary algebra.

The Electromechanical Computing
· Tabulating Machine
Comptometer
Comptograph
Punched cards
1853
· Pehr and Advard Scheutz complete their tabulating Machine.

1885
· Dorr Felt devises the Comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator. In 1889 Felt’s Comptograph, containing built-in printer, is intoduced
Punched Cards
· Herman Hollerith was the first person to successfully use punched cards in 1890 he is the father of information processing and the founder of International Business Machines.
1893
· The Millionaire, the first efficeint four-function calculator invented by Otto shweiger, a Swiss Engineer.

1906
Vacuum tube was developed by Lee De Forest which provide electricity controlled switch.

The Electronic Age:1941-Present

· In 1941, Konrad Zuse built the first programmable computer called Z3. A computer is programmable because of following instructions
1942
· Howard Aiken built the Mark I “ The First Stored Program Computer”

· John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry invented the first digital computer.

GENERATIONs OF THE COMPUTER

• First Generation Computers (1951-1958)
  
  The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as their main logic elements; punched cards to input and externally store data; and rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data in programs written in machine language (instructions written as a string of 0s and 1s) or assembly language (a language that allowed the programmer to write instructions in a
  kind of shorthand that would then be "translated" by another program called a compiler into machine language).
  
  Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)
• 
  High-level programming languages (program instructions that could be written with simple words and mathematical expressions), like FORTRAN and COBOL, made computers more accessible to scientists and businesses.
  instead of vacuum tubes, second generation computers used transistors an exiting new invention at the time. John Barden, Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor. A transistor is a small, solid-state component designed to monitor the flow of the electric current.
  

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK

By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

For weeks of discussion, we have already tackled alot of matters regarding computers-its history, development and uses from different periods and eras. And at this time, I could really say that I have already learned alot about computers. I could also say that the topics we have discussed before plays a very important role to us students because it helps us understand where these helpful machines like computers and calculators came from. In short, it's our right and obligation to study the history of these machines because we are the ones who benefit from it and in order for us to be knowledgeable about these things.

This time, I will share to you some of the lessons we've encountered for this week.
periods of computer, the Premechanical Age, the Mechanical Age, the Electromechanical Age and the Electronic Age.

For the First period which is the Premechanical Age, I learned that

Writing and Alphabets--communication.
First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings.
3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised cuniform
Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols
The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.

Paper and Pens--input technologies.
Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant
around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based.

Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.
Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"
The Egyptians kept scrolls
Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together.

The First Numbering Systems.
Egyptian system:
The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.
The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system.
Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.
The First Calculators: The Abacus. One of the very first information processors.

For the Mechanical Age, I learned about the following,

The First Information Explosion.

Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany)
Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450.
The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers.
The first general purpose "computers"
Actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers."
Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine.
Slide Rule.

Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule
Early example of an analog computer.
The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62).He invented The Pascaline.

Leibniz's Machine.Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), German mathematician and philosopher.He invented the The Reckoner.

Babbage's EnginesCharles Babbage (1792-1871), eccentric English mathematician. He invented the The Difference Engine.
Working model created in 1822.
The "method of differences".
The Analytical Engine.

Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.
Designed during the 1830s
Parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers.
The "store"
The "mill"
Punch cards.
Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph Marie Jacquard's (1752-1834) loom.
Introduced in 1801.
Binary logic
Fixed program that would operate in real time.

Augusta Ada Byron (1815-52).

The first programmer

C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.
The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.
The Beginnings of Telecommunication.
Voltaic Battery.
Late 18th century.
Telegraph.
Early 1800s.
Morse Code.
Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse
Dots and dashes.
Telephone and Radio.
Alexander Graham Bell.
1876
Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated.
These two events led to the invention of the radio
Guglielmo Marconi
1894

Electromechanical Computing
Herman Hollerith and IBM.Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) in 1880. Invented the Census Machine, Early punch cards, Punch card workers.

By 1890
The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

Mark 1.
Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University
Built the Mark I
Completed January 1942
8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts

D. The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.
First Tries.
Early 1940s
Electronic vacuum tubes.
Eckert and Mauchly.
The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes:Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr.; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon.
and Computer (ENIAC)
1946.

Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do its calculations.
Hence, first electronic computer.
Developers John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineer
The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania
Funded by the U.S. Army.
But it could not store its programs (its set of instructions)

The First Stored-Program Computer(s)
Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer.
John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945:
"The Report on the EDVAC"
British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans.
Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University
Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program computer.
Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years before EDVAC was finished.
Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (i.e., not a prototype).
The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).

Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
Remington Rand.
First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951.
But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into action a few months before UNIVAC and became the world's first commercial computer.

I also learned about The Four Generations of Digital Computing.

The First Generation (1951-1958).

Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
Punch cards to input and externally store data.
Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data and programs
Programs written in
Machine language
Assembly language
Requires a compiler.

The Second Generation (1959-1963).

Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element.
AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor
Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.
Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology.
High-level programming languages
E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL

The Third Generation (1964-1979).

Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.
Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as external storage devices.
Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.
Operating systems
Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed.
Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their start in 1975.

The Fourth Generation (1979- Present).

Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs)
Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits (an entire CPU = Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.
Which allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs, like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC.
Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs.
Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had 16k RAM.
First Apple Mac released in 1984.
IBM PC introduced in 1981.
Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
Fourth generation language software products
E.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and many others.
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980s.

Learnings of the Week (betinol)

Learnings of the Week

I really learned a lot from our lesson its all about the history of the computer, its periods,their generations from the first to the present. It Has four basic periods the pre mechanical,mechanical,electromechanical and electronic.

Pre-mechanical Age ( 300B.C.-1450A.D.)
Writing and Alphabets - communication
First human communicated only through speaking and simple drawings known as petroglyths (signs or simple figures carved in rock). Many of these are pictographs – pictures or sketches that visually resemble that which is depicted. First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. In 3100B.C.the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (southern Irag) devised cuneiform –the first true written language and the first real information system. the cuneiforms evolution is from pictographs were turned on their sides (2800 B.C.) and then developed into actual cuneiform symbols (2500 B.C.) –as clay tablet, the Phoenicians developed syllables and consonants, The Greeks adopted the Phoenicians alphabet and added vowels.: the Romans gave letters the Latin names.

Paper and Pens – input technologies
· Papyrus plant
· Stylus
· Paper from rugs

Books and Libraries –output technologies
Books
Papyrus folded vertically
Scrolls

The First Numbering System
The first numbering systems developed by the Hindus in India.
In the early Egyptian numbering system the numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle,

the number 100 as a coiled rope and the number 1000 as a louts blossom.

The First Calculators: The Abacus
· One of the very first information processors. Invented in Babylonia, popularized in China.

The Mechanical Age (1450-1840)

The First Information Explosion.
· Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany)
Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450.
· The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers.


The first general purpose "computers"
· Actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers."

In 1614
· John Napier introduces logarithms. Logs allow multiplication and division to be reduced to addition and subtraction.

In 1623
· Wilhelm Shickard, a professor at the University of Tubingen, Germany, invents the first mechanical calculator.

In 1625
· Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule an analog computer.

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Cantero)

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK

(by: CIELITO M. CANTERO IV - RIZAL )

In this week, I learned a lot of things about the computer and its history. The history of computer which includes the Pre – Mechanical Age, Mechanical Age, Electromechanical Age and Electronic Age. I also understand about the generations of computer from the first generation of computer up to the second generation of computer.

THE PRE - MECHANICAL AGE (3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.)

The first humans just communicate through speaking and simple drawings called the petroglyths (signs or simple figures carved in rock) and in this period, the early humans knew how to write and use alphabet as means of communication. This period also uses pictographs or pictures or sketches that visually resemble that which is depicted, geometric signs (dots, squares, etc) with no apparent depicted object and ideographs (symbols to represent ideas or concepts). The computing began when our ancient ancestors devised the first, rudimentary counting methods. Yet, many people think computers are 20th century inventions. First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words.
The Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed the cuneiform that was the first true written language and the first real information system. The cuneiform evolved as a clay tablet and then Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and constants (the first true alphabet) and the Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels.
The Early humans also developed in this period the paper and pens. The Sumerians that use stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay, the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant in 2600 B.C. and the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day paper-making is based.
The Early humans also developed books as a permanent storage device like the Egyptians that used scrolls and the Greeks that began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together.
Aside from they already knew and developed about the alphabet and books, they also knew how to count by the use of the First Numbering System. The first numbering system 1 – 9 was developed by the Hindus in India similar in those used today and the Egyptians who developed their own numbering system that represented by symbols like the numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope and the number 1000 as a louts blossom and they also created the concept of zero.
Even if the Early humans knew how to count, it’s hard for them to add very very large numbers manually and that lead to the discovery of the first calculator or the man’s first recorded adding machine, the abacus that was invented in Babaylonia in 500 B.C and then popularized in China.

THE MECHANICAL PERIOD (1450 - 1840)

This period is the first information explosion because of the invention of Johann Gutenberg from Mainz, Germany which was the movable metal-type printing process in 1450 that lead to the printing of the first book which was a Latin language Bible or the Gutenberg’s Bible. This period also developed the book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers.
In this period, John Napier was widely known because he introduce logarithms and invented the logs which allows multiplication and division to be reduced to addition and subtraction and the four – sided rods for multiplying and dividing large numbers and find square and cube roots. Many of locals said that believed him to be in league with the Devil because of his intelligence.
Wilhelm Shickard, also appeared in this period and invented he first mechanical calculator that can work with six digits and carries digits across columns.
William Oughtred, also known in this period because he invented the slide rule that was an erarly example of an analog computer.
Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline that was a mechanical calculation machine that can solve basic mathematical problems.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was also known in this period because of his invention a machine called the stepped reckoner that could multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers yielding up to 16 digit numbers.
Joseph Marie Jacquard's automatic loom and Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar’s arithmometer became the first mass-produced calculator.
Charles Babbage “The Father of Computers” invented the thinking machines which were the analytical engine and difference engine. Because of his depression caused by the death of his wife and some of his children, Babbage did not continue to make the thinking machines. His youngest child was the one who made it.
Ada Augusta Lovelace was the first computer programmer and the programming language Ada is named in her honor.

THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840 - 1940)

In the electromechanical period, the discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.
In this period, the telecommunication started like the voltaic battery, telegraph, telephone and radio. The first electric battery, known as the Voltaire pile was invented 8th century by Alessandro Volta. The telegraph that was invented by Samuel F.J. Morse conceived of his version of an electromagnetic telegraph in 1832 and constructed an experiment version in 1815. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. The radio that was invented by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894 that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated.
The electromechanical computing that start from the Tabulating Machine, comptometer, comptograph and punched cards. Pehr and Advard Scheutz complete their tabulating Machine, capable of processing fifteen-digit numbers, printing out results and rounding off to eight digits. Dorr Felt who invented the comptometer(1885) a key driven adding and subtracting calculator and comptograph(1889) containing built-in printer. The punched cards that were invented by Herman Hollerith that provided computer programmers with a new way to put information into their machine.
Herman Hollerith was the father of information processing and found the Tabulating machine Company which later became the Computer Tabulating Recording Company which went to become the International Business Machines Corporation known today as IBM.
In 1893, the Millionaire was invented by Otto Shweiger and the vacuum tube in 1906 which provide electricity controlled switch.

THE ELECTRONIC AGE (1941 - PRESENT)

In this age, the Z3 was invented by Konrad Zuse which was the first programmable computer. The first stored program computer tha Mark 1 by Howard Aiken. The ABC that is first all-electric computer by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry and was the the first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum tubes to make electric computation possible.

THE FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER

This generation used vacuum tube as the main logic system, the punched cards to input and externally store data and the rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data in programs written in machine language (instructions written as a string of 0s and 1s) or assembly language (a language that allowed the programmer to write instructions in a kind of shorthand that would then be "translated" by another program called a compiler into machine language).
THE SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER

This generation used transistors as a main logic element that replaces the vacuum tube. Crystalline minerals materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology.

FIVE COMPUTER GENERATIONS

FIVE COMPUTER GENERATIONS

First Generation Computers (1951-1958)

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as their main logic elements; punched cards to input and externally store data; and rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data in programs written in machine language (instructions written as a string of 0s and 1s) or assembly language (a language that allowed the programmer to write instructions in a kind of shorthand that would then be "translated" by another program called a compiler into machine language).

In addition, first-generation computers often broke down because of burned-out vacuum tubes.
First generation computers also needed many experts to operate them.
In 1945, Presper Eckert and John Mauchly developed the first operational electronic digital computer, called ENIAC, for US Army. ENIAC was over 1000 times faster than Mark 1, and could perform 5000 additions per second.


ENIAC had more than 1800 vacuum tubes, and took up to 1800 square feet of space. In addition, the electrical current ENIAC required could power more than a thousand modern computers. Today, ENIAC’s technology could fit in a modern wristwatch.
In 1951 the UNIVAC-1 became the first commercially available electronic computer. This computer was designed by Eckert and Mauchly (the designers of the ENIAC) and built by the Remington Rand corporation. The first of these computers was delivered to US. Census Bureau.


Between 1951 and 1953 magnetic core memory was developed. This memory consists of tiny ferrite “donuts” that were arranged on a lattice of wires. The polarity of their magnetization could be change or detected by passing current through the wires. This allowed each lattice point store one “bit” – either 0 or 1. Magnetic core memory was the fastest type of memory until the late 1980’s.

Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)


In the 1940s, discovered that a class of crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor to replace vacuum tubes. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.

High-level programming languages (program instructions that could be written with simple words and mathematical expressions), like FORTRAN and COBOL, made computers more accessible to scientists and businesses.
instead of vacuum tubes, second generation computers used transistors an exiting new invention at the time. John Barden, Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor. A transistor is a small, solid-state component designed to monitor the flow of the electric current.

Transistor

Were smaller, faster, cheaper, required less power, and produce less heat than vacuum tubes. In computers, a transistor functions as an electronic switch or bridge. Transistors play an important role in electronic circuits. Circuits help make up electronic systems, and electronic systems are what make electronic computing possible. Transistors allowed computers to communicate over telephone lines. The transistor gave way to the concept of parallel processor and multiprogramming.

1961


Grace hopper, the woman that found the first computer bug, finishes developing COBOL.



1964


Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), founded by Ken Olsen, release the first minicomputer, the PDP-8.


1965


Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny of Dartmouth College developed BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) as a computer language to help teach people how to program.



The THIRD GENERATION(1963-1974)

•Individual transistors were replace by integrated circuits.

•Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards.

•Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to new form, metal-oxide semiconductor.
Third-generation computers were built between 1963-1974.

In the third generation, computers relied on a new technology called the integrated circuits. The integrated circuit is a single wafer or chip that can hold many transistors and electronic circuits.

1959

Jack Kilby invented the monolithic integrated circuit which is still widely used in electronics system.

1968


Intel was founded by Robert Noyce. He is one of the inventors of the integrated circuit.

1969

ARPANET is set-up. ARPANET later becomes the Internet.


1972

The C programming language is developed at AT&T Bell Labs by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritche. The UNIX operating system, also written at Bell Labs, is rewritten using C.

The FOURTH GENERATION(1979-Present)

•Intel Corporation designed the first tiny computer on a chip, it was called the microprocessor.
•Microprocessor is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon.

1975

Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems or MITS produced the first PC. They named the computer kit Altair 8080, after the Star Trek episode, “A Voyage to Altair”.

•Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded
the Microsoft.
•In April 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak founded APPLE COMPUTERS.

1978


VisiCalc is released. This is the first spreadsheet program and it made microcomputers useful to business.

1979

The first microcomputer word processor, Word Star, is released.


FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER

For the Fifth Generation of Chinese filmmakers, see Cinema of China-The rise of the Fifth Generation. The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation using massive parallelism. It was to be the end result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and usable artificial intelligence capabilities. The term fifth generation was intended to convey the system as being a leap beyond existing machines. Computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation; transistors and diodes, the second; integrated circuits, the third; and those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added performance. Opinions about its outcome are divided: Either it was a failure, or it was ahead of its time. History
Background and design philosophy Throughout these multiple generations since the 1980s, Japan had largely been a follower in terms of computing advancement, building computers following US and British leads. The Ministry for International Trade and Industry (MITI) decided to attempt to break out of this follow-the-leader pattern, and in the mid-1970s started looking, on a small scale, into the future of computing. They asked the Japan Information Processing Development Center(JIPDEC) to indicate a number of future directions, and in 1979 offered a three-year contract to carry out more in-depth studies along with industry and academia. It was during this period that the term "fifth-generation computer" started to be used. The primary fields for investigation from this initial project were: Inference computer technologies for knowledge processing Computer technologies to process large-scale data bases and knowledge bases High performance workstations Distributed functional computer technologies Super-computers for scientific calculation The project imagined a parallel processing computer running on top of massive databases (as opposed to a traditional filesystem) using a logic programming language to define and access the data. They envisioned building a prototype machine with performance between 100M and 1G LIPS, where a LIPS is a Logical Inference Per Second. At the time typical workstation machines were capable of about 100k LIPS. They proposed to build this machine over a ten year period, 3 years for initial R&D, 4 years for building various subsystems, and a final 3 years to complete a working prototype system. In 1982 the government decided to go ahead with the project, and established the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) through joint investment with various Japanese computer companies. Implementation So ingrained was the belief that parallel computing was the future of all performance gains that the Fifth-Generation project generated a great deal of apprehension in the computer field. After having seen the Japanese take over the consumer electronics field during the 1970s and apparently doing the same in the automotive world during the 1980s, the Japanese in the 1980s had a reputation for invincibility. Soon parallel projects were set up in the US as the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), in England as Alvey, and in Europe as the European Strategic Program of Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT, as well as ECRC (European Computer Research Centre) in Munich, a collaboration between ICL in Britain, Bull in France, and Siemens in Germany. Five running Parallel Inference Machines (PIM) were eventually produced: PIM/m, PIM/p, PIM/i, PIM/k, PIM/c. The project also produced applications to run on these systems, such as the parallel database management system Kappa, the legal reasoning system HELIC-II, and the automated theorem prover MGTP, as well as applications to Bioinformatics.
Failure The FGCS Project did not meet with commercial success for reasons similar to the Lisp machine companies and Thinking Machines. The highly parallel computer architecture was eventually surpassed in speed by less specialized hardware (for example, Sun workstations and Intel x86 machines). The project did produce a new generation of promising Japanese researchers. But after the FGCS Project, MITI stopped funding large-scale computer research projects, and the research momentum developed by the FGCS Project dissipated. A primary problem was the choice of concurrent logic programming as the bridge between the parallel computer architecture and the use of logic as a knowledge representation and problem solving language for AI applications. This never happened cleanly; a number of languages were developed, all with their own limitations. In particular, the committed choice of concurrent logic programming interfered with the logical semantics of the languages. Another problem was that existing CPU performance quickly pushed through the "obvious" barriers that experts perceived in the 1980s, and the value of parallel computing quickly dropped to the point where it was for some time used only in niche situations. Although a number of workstations of increasing capacity were designed and built over the project's lifespan, they generally found themselves soon outperformed by "off the shelf" units available commercially. The project also suffered from being on the wrong side of the technology curve. During its lifespan, Apple Computer introduced the GUI to the masses; the internet enabled locally stored databases to become distributed; and even simple research projects provided better real-world results in data mining, Google being a good example. Moreover the project found that the promises of logic programming were largely negated by the use of committed choice. At the end of the ten year period the project had spent through over 50 billion yen[citation needed] and was terminated without having met its goals. The workstations had no appeal in a market where single-CPU systems could outrun them, and the entire concept was overtaken by the Internet. In spite of the possibility of considering the project a failure, many of the approaches envisioned in the Fifth-Generation project, such as logic programming distributed over massive knowledge-bases, are now being re-interpreted in current technologies. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) employs several layers of logic-based knowledge representation systems, while many flavors of parallel computing proliferate, including Multi-core (computing) at the low-end and Massively parallel processing at the high end. It can be argued that the Fifth-Generation project was aimed at solving a problem that was ahead of its time.