Learningd of the Weeks 2 (betinol)

1642
A French mathematician named Blaise Pascal invented the a mechanical calculation machine, he called it Pascaline.
1671
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), invented a machine called the stepped reckone .
1801
Joseph Marie Jacquard's automatic loom. Which has parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers, the "store", the "mill" and Punch cards.
1820
Arithmometer became the first mass-produced calculator
Developed by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870) in France.
1821
Charles Babbage (1792-1871), invented the first modern computer design: a steam powered adding machine called “the difference engine” and the “analytical” engine which are the first thinking machines.
1842
Ada Augusta Lovelace (1815-52).
The first program was written by Lady Byron.
She is credited as being the first computer programmer.


The Electromechanical Age 1840-1940
The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.

· Voltaic Battery. The first electric battery, known as the Voltaire pile was invented 8th century by Alessandro Volta.
· Telegraph. Samuel F.J. Morse conceived of his version of an electromagnetic telegraph in 1832 and constructed an experiment version in 1815.
· Telephone and Radio. Alexander Graham Bell invented the Telephone in 1876. Followed by the discovery of electric waves by Guglielmo Marconi. These two events led to the invention of radio.
· 1852-George Boole develops binary algebra.

The Electromechanical Computing
· Tabulating Machine
Comptometer
Comptograph
Punched cards
1853
· Pehr and Advard Scheutz complete their tabulating Machine.

1885
· Dorr Felt devises the Comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator. In 1889 Felt’s Comptograph, containing built-in printer, is intoduced
Punched Cards
· Herman Hollerith was the first person to successfully use punched cards in 1890 he is the father of information processing and the founder of International Business Machines.
1893
· The Millionaire, the first efficeint four-function calculator invented by Otto shweiger, a Swiss Engineer.

1906
Vacuum tube was developed by Lee De Forest which provide electricity controlled switch.

The Electronic Age:1941-Present

· In 1941, Konrad Zuse built the first programmable computer called Z3. A computer is programmable because of following instructions
1942
· Howard Aiken built the Mark I “ The First Stored Program Computer”

· John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry invented the first digital computer.

GENERATIONs OF THE COMPUTER

• First Generation Computers (1951-1958)
  
  The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as their main logic elements; punched cards to input and externally store data; and rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data in programs written in machine language (instructions written as a string of 0s and 1s) or assembly language (a language that allowed the programmer to write instructions in a
  kind of shorthand that would then be "translated" by another program called a compiler into machine language).
  
  Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)
• 
  High-level programming languages (program instructions that could be written with simple words and mathematical expressions), like FORTRAN and COBOL, made computers more accessible to scientists and businesses.
  instead of vacuum tubes, second generation computers used transistors an exiting new invention at the time. John Barden, Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor. A transistor is a small, solid-state component designed to monitor the flow of the electric current.