CIEFFEATHO

Learnings Dec. 1- Jan.5 (lorebeth betinol)

2009-12-07T19:05:00.000-08:00

WE have no class!! Becausse its teachers day. There is a Teachers dance contest at the Tagum City Pavilion.

But some of our classmates is task to report about iterative statements..

Here....

Iterative StatementsIterative statements, commonly referred to as looping statements, involve executing a series of statements zero or more times. We will discuss two specific shell looping statements, the while loop and the for loop.
The while loop executes the statement block enclosed within zero or more times as long as the boolean condition (or command) evaluates to TRUE (which again means returns a zero exit status). The general syntax of the while loop is: while boolean_condition
do
statement
optional statement(s)
done
As with the if-then statement, the boolean_condition is usually (but not always) evaluated using the test command. Note also that the body of the while is enclosed with the do-done statements. Thus if we wanted to find a sum of the numbers between 1 and 5, we could do this with the following while loop: COUNT=1
SUM=0
while [ "$COUNT" -le 5 ]
do
SUM=`expr $SUM + $COUNT` # or SUM=$(( SUM + COUNT ))
COUNT=`expr $COUNT + 1`
done
Note the double quotes surrounding the COUNT variable; these are to make sure this variable is seen by test, even if it has no value, to avoid any errors (as described above). Always keep in mind when coding looping statements that a condition must occur to terminate the loop, otherwise an infinite looping condition occurs. Incrementing the variable COUNT by 1 in this cases causes the value of COUNT to eventually reach 6 causing the loop to terminate. As with the if-then scenario described above, the while-do structure can be written as follows if desired: while [ "$COUNT" -le 5 ] ; do Another looping statement worth of discussion here is the for statement. While many modern languages have for statements, the for statement in the shell is a little different. The general syntax is as follows: for VARIABLE in list
do
statement
optional statement(s)
done
Unlike the while statement, a for statement doesn't terminate based upon a condition, rather it terminates when all items in the list have been "processed." The concept of a list was first introduced with the discussion regarding special environment variables. A list is a grouping of data items, sometimes referred to as words, since they are separated by spaces. A list may have zero items, a few items, or a large number of items. A list (with more than one item) will have a beginning item (the leftmost) and an ending item (the rightmost). The items in the list can be strings, variables, files, etc.
When a for loop executes for the first time, the VARIABLE will be assigned the first (leftmost) item in the list. During each subsequent iteration of the loop, the variable will be assigned the next item in the list. Thus when all items in the list have been assigned to the variable, the loop terminates. Refer to the following example: The variable name in this example is VALUE, and the list is composed of the 3 items (or words) "fred", "barney", and "dino." Thus when this loop executes, the following is the output: VALUE: fred VALUE: barney VALUE: dinoNotice there are 3 items in the list and the body of the loop executes 3 times. Thus for a list of size n, the body of a for loop will execute n times. Lists in for loops can be specified a number of ways, for example:
list
represents
item1 item2 ... itemn
a list of n items
$1 $2 $3
a list of 3 command line parameters
$*
a list of all command line parameters
*
a list of all files in current directory
a*
a list of all files starting with the letter aFor loops are typically used to process a quantity of things, for example, renaming all of the files in a directory by appending an extension of .backup (to indicate a backup copy) to their filename. As with the other scenarios described above, the for can be written as follows if one prefers: for VARIABLE in list ; do

2009-02-28T19:22:00.000-08:00

Learnings of the Week(Feb.23-27)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we were told about our new projects to be done. Group 6-10 were assigned to make an HTML about TCNHS(Tagum City National High School), while, WE,
Group 1-5 were assigned to make a program interfacing AC Load, Push Buttons and LED. Fortunately, some of the Group 1-4 members are helping us in making our assigned project about interfacing wth LED. However, Sir Ernie is checking the progress of our project everyday.

February 23 - 27, 2009

2009-02-28T16:01:00.000-08:00

Learnings of The Week
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

This week, all the groups from group 1 to 10 were given all the time to finish there projects.

Also this week, Sir Ernie was always checking every progress and improvement in our project.

Eventhough making our project was very hard, we were still thankful because some of the groups (group 1 - 4) were helping us to do our task well.

Through this project, I learned many things about parallel port and its use in many fields.

We all hope that we will be able to accomplish the work that will give us great score!

Good Luck To Us!!!

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ui sir!

ayo na baya amu blog..

dpat iAdd nimu amo grade sa blog sa 3rd grading sa grade namu sa 4th grading...

hehe,. atik lang Sir..

gmay ra jud bya amu grade sa 3rd grading Sir,.

murag kami na grupo ang pinakalowest...

huhuhu..

T_T

Learnings (betinol)

2009-02-22T02:10:00.000-08:00

Actually this week we had disscussed about our projects.
From group 1-5 it will be all about programming, and the rest will be html making.

Our group is task to do a Program which is interfacing LED.

It is hard we know but we have to try inorder for us to learn.

2009-02-21T19:16:00.000-08:00

Learnings of the Week(Feb.16-20)
By: Frea Diane T. Bauista

This week, we just continued finishing our new activity about CSS. In making our CSS, we used the Frameset. But what is Frameset?

The FRAMESET element is a frame container for dividing a window into rectangular subspaces called frames. In a Frameset document, the outermost FRAMESET element takes the place of BODY and immediately follows the HEAD.

The FRAMESET element contains one or more FRAMESET or FRAME elements, along with an optional NOFRAMES element to provide alternate content for browsers that do not support frames or have frames disabled. A meaningful NOFRAMES element should always be provided and should at the very least contain links to the main frame or frames.

The ROWS and COLS attributes define the dimensions of each frame in the set. Each attribute takes a comma-separated list of lengths, specified in pixels, as a percentage, or as a relative length. A relative length is expressed as i* where i is an integer. For example, a frameset defined with ROWS="3*,*" (* is equivalent to 1*) will have its first row allotted three times the height of the second row.

The values specified for the ROWS attribute give the height of each row, from top to bottom. The COLS attribute gives the width of each column from left to right. If ROWS or COLS is omitted, the implied value for the attribute is 100%. If both attributes are specified, a grid is defined and filled left-to-right then top-to-bottom.

The FRAMESET element also accepts ONLOAD and ONUNLOAD attributes to specify client-side scripting actions to perform when the frames have all been loaded or removed.

February 16 - 20, 2009

2009-02-21T08:04:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

After programming, html, css, and etc..
This week, we were task to make our project to be passed before the finals
and this project will serve as our 4th grading project!

This project is all about the Parallel Port Interface for Groups 1 to 5 and HTML again for Groups 6 to 10..

By the way, do you know what parallel port interfacing is??

For you to know, read the following below...:

Parallel Port??

Parallel port is a simple and inexpensive tool for building computer controlled devices and projects. The simplicity and ease of programming makes parallel port popular in electronics hobbyist world. The parallel port is often used in Computer controlled robots, Atmel/PIC programmers, home automation, ...etc... Here a simple tutorial on parallel port interfacing and programming with some examples.

Everybody knows what is parallel port, where it can be found, and for what it is being used. the primary use of parallel port is to connect printers to computer and is specifically designed for this purpose. Thus it is often called as printer Port or Centronics port (this name came from a popular printer manufacturing company 'Centronics' who devised some standards for parallel port). You can see the parallel port connector in the rear panel of your PC. It is a 25 pin female (DB25) connector (to which printer is connected). On almost all the PCs only one parallel port is present, but you can add more by buying and inserting ISA/PCI parallel port cards.

Parallel port modes

The IEEE 1284 Standard which has been published in 1994 defines five modes of data transfer for parallel port. They are,

1) Compatibility Mode
2) Nibble Mode
3) Byte Mode
4) EPP
5) ECP

The programs, circuits and other information found in this tutorial are compatible to almost all types of parallel ports and can be used without any problems

Hardware: Parallel Port

The lines in DB25 connector are divided in to three groups, they are

1) Data lines (data bus)
2) Control lines
3) Status lines

As the name refers , data is transferred over data lines , Control lines are used to control the peripheral and of course , the peripheral returns status signals back computer through Status lines. These lines are connected to Data, Control And Status registers internally .

Parallel port registers

As you know, the Data, Control and status lines are connected to there corresponding registers inside the computer. So by manipulating these registers in program , one can easily read or write to parallel port with programming languages like 'C' and BASIC.

The registers found in standard parallel port are:

1) data register
2) Status register
3) Control register

As there names specifies, Data register is connected to Data lines, Control register is connected to control lines and Status register is connected to Status lines. (Here the word connection does not mean that there is some physical connection between data/control/status lines. The registers are virtually connected to the corresponding lines.). So what ever you write to these registers , will appear in corresponding lines as voltages, Of course, you can measure it with a multimeter. And What ever you give to Parallel port as voltages can be read from these registers(with some restrictions). For example , if we write '1' to Data register , the line Data0 will be driven to +5v. Just like this ,we can programmatically turn on and off any of the data lines and Control lines.

Where these registers are ?

In an IBM PC, these registers are IO mapped and will have unique address. We have to find these addresses to work with parallel port. For a typical PC , the base address of LPT1 is 0x378 and of LPT2 is 0x278. The data register resides at this base address , status register at baseaddress + 1 and the control register is at baseaddress + 2. So once we have the base address , we can calculate the address of each registers in this manner. The table below shows the register addresses of LPT1 and LPT2.

Programming Concepts

Almost all programming languages allow programmers to access parallel port using some library functions. For example , Borland C is providing "Inportb" and "Outportb" functions to read or write IO mapped peripherals. But the examples provided here in this tutorial is written VC++ and can be easily ported to other compilers like Borland C and Turbo C. Visual Basic does not have any functions or support to access parallel port directly, but it is possible to add such capabilities to your VB application by writing a dll in VC++ and calling its exported functions from VB. VC++ provides two functions to access IO mapped peripherals, '_inp' for reading and '_outp' for writing. These functions are declared in "conio.h".

How to Test The Program ?

Connect The assembled hardware shown above to your PC's parallel port. Open DOS command window Move to "C:\" and type "partest1 write 888 255" and press enter. If everything is correct , LED1 to LED8 in the hardware will glow. You may be doubtful about the command line parameters passed to the program. Here 888(0x378) is the address of the parallel port data register and 255 is the data to be written to parallel port data register. if you enter "partest1 read 888" to command line , the program will read parallel port data register and display it. This will blindly read the contents of parallel port data register , but not the data present on data lines. To read the data from the data lines , we will have to enable the bidirectional data transfer first. To enable Bidirectional data transfer just set the "Bidirectional" bit (bit 5) in control register. This is done by writing 32 to control register. The command "partest1 write 890 32" will do this. After entering this command you can read the status of switches in the hardware using the command "partest1 read 888"

NOTE: This sample program will not work on Windows NT/2000 or XP if you run the program on these machines , it will show an error. use new Inpout32.dll on NT/2000/XP machines

Me??
I belong to Group 5 and task to make a parallel port interface with LED or Light Emitting Diodes..

This project seems to be very hard for us especially because all of my groupmates
are girls and no one know how to do it well...

Even though Sir Ernie taught us already using some presentations, it's still
hard for us to do it right..

But we are still doing our best and hoping to have a good outcome...

That's All.

And good luck to us.

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miskan baratuhon lang mga materials nOh, lisod man pud au..

huhuhu..

electric na man gud ni xa..

hehe,.

:]

February 9 - 13, 2009

2009-02-15T21:03:00.000-08:00

lEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

This week, we are on HTML again...
But this second time around, we will do it with CSS or what we call as Cascading Style Sheet and Frames.

By the way, what do we mean by this things?? ahmm.. Well,

CSS or Cascading Style Sheet and Frames

There are two kinds of Style sheets the external and internal style sheet:

♥External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the tag. The ‹link› goes inside the head section.

♥Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section with the ‹style› ‹link› tag.

Frames

In HTML, frames enable you present multiple HTML documents within the same window. For example, you can have a left frame for navigation and a right frame for the main content.

Frames are achieved by creating a frameset page, and defining each frame from within that page. This frameset page doesn't actually contain any content - just a reference to each frame. The HTML frame tag is used to specify each frame within the frameset. All frame tags are nested with a frameset tag.

Making HTML with CSS is also fun but so confusing...

You know, CSS is different from HTML..
That's why I'm confused..

That's All.

The week is over now.

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suko na pud blik aq papa kay gabie au ko uwi..

kinsa man gud dli magab-ihan na alangan ugma na dayon ipasa ang HTML with CSS??

ata au..

saba man mi bah..

huhuhu..

hapit na gud 2 hating-gabi ng nakauwi me tanan..

may gneh daghan me..

pero dako au aq byad sa time ouie..

sagdi lang.. that's part of schooling.

hehe,.

hay!! humana na jud..

learnings of the week (lorebeth)

2009-02-15T04:10:00.001-08:00

We had our new topic about cascading style sheets.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple mechanism for adding style (e.g. fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents. Tutorials, books, mailing lists for users, etc. can be found on the “learning CSS” page. For background information on style sheets, see the Web style sheets page. Discussions about CSS are carried out on the (archived) www-style@w3.org mailing list (and sometimes on the CSS blog) and on comp.infosystems.www.authoring.stylesheets.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.

CSS can be used locally by the readers of web pages to define colors, fonts, layout, and other aspects of document presentation. It is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation (written in CSS). This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.

Use of CSS

Prior to CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup; all font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS allows authors to move much of that information to a separate stylesheet resulting in considerably simpler HTML markup.

Headings (h1 elements), sub-headings (h2), sub-sub-headings (h3), etc., are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of font, size, color and emphasis for these elements is presentational.

Prior to CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to, say, all h2 headings had to use the HTML font and other presentational elements for each occurrence of that heading type. The additional presentational markup in the HTML made documents more complex, and generally more difficult to maintain. In CSS, presentation is separated from structure. In print, CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics. It can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles such as the speed and emphasis with which text is read out by aural text readers. The W3C now considers the advantages of CSS for defining all aspects of the presentation of HTML pages to be superior to other methods. It has therefore deprecated the use of all the original presentational HTML markup.

2009-02-13T01:28:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK(Feb.9-13)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we had a new lesson. And Sir Ernie taught us a new lesson about CSS.

But what does CSS really mean?

* CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
* Styles define how to display HTML elements
* Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets
* Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
* External Style Sheets can save you a lot of work
* External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
* Multiple style definitions will cascade into one

Style Sheets Can Save a Lot of Work

Styles sheets define HOW HTML elements are to be displayed, just like the font tag and the color attribute in HTML 3.2. Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in your Web, just by editing one single CSS document!

CSS is a breakthrough in Web design because it allows developers to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. As a Web developer you can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as you want. To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in the Web are updated automatically.

ultiple Styles Will Cascade Into One

Style sheets allow style information to be specified in many ways. Styles can be specified inside a single HTML element, inside the head element of an HTML page, or in an external CSS file. Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.
Cascading Order

What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?

Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:

1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (inside the head tag)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

Anyway, HAPPY 42nd FOUNDATION DAY to all of you!

learnings of the week (betinol)

2009-02-07T16:00:00.000-08:00

Actually we had our html making.

HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for Web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code (such as JavaScript) which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and other HTML processors.
Contents

We had to do this for one week.Though I'm not successful in doing this because, still I did my best.

February 2 -6, 2009

2009-02-07T09:29:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

I'm very tired this week making our final HTML...

I added many applications in my work that I've learn from some sites.

For me, I think I've done my HTML well.

I've given my whole time, effort and money on it.

And also this week, we also have some sort of reviews about html...

In making html, first you have to make it in a notepad, like below:

‹html›
‹head›
‹title›Title of the page‹/title›
‹/head›
‹body›
This is my first homepage. ‹b›This text is bold ‹/b›
‹/body›
‹/html›

♦When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. We have used .htm in our examples. It might be a bad habit inherited from the past when some of the commonly used software only allowed three letters extensions.

♦You can easily edit files using a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editor like Frontpage, Claris Home Page or Adobe PageMill instead of writing your markup tags in a plain text file.

♦But if you want to be skillful Web developer, we strongly recommend that you use a plain text editor to learn your primer HTML.

♦HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements.
♦HTML elements are defined using HTML tags.

♦HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements

♦HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters <>

♦The surroundings characters are called angle brackets

♦HTML tags normally come in pairs like ‹b›and‹/b›

♦The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag

♦The text between the start and end tags is the element content.

♦HTML tags are not case sensitive, ‹b› means the same as ‹B›

That's ALL.. =>

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humana jud ang html..

hay!! kakapoy..

ma-alas onsehan sa internetan..

hadlok au..

at last..natapos din..

:-)

2009-02-07T01:20:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Feb. 2-6)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we were still finishing our own web page.
Some more details were added to it.
And lastly, we were already taught on how to edit or fix our own mistakes on making the html.

learnings of the week (lorebeth betinol)

2009-02-01T18:00:00.000-08:00

Well, we had our new webpage already and everyone is really making their best to make thier work really special.

Each day our webpage is improving. Everytime we need help our mates are just there to help us.

We started it with heading and............................. everything comes next. All we have to do is to make it beautiful. We put some navigating buttons, pictures and background.

It is similar with making a program in the computer.

Januray 26 - 30, 2009

2009-02-01T16:34:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

Sir Ernie was not around this week.. =[
I think he had to go to a seminar or something chuva...

Last week, before the week end, he told us to make a html.
And also he give some Introduction about HTML and taught us some basic examples...

This week, we were so busy in making our very own HTML.
And also Sir told us to upload some HTML everyday to see some improvements.

Although making HTML was something fun,
making things like HTML requires more time, effort and especially money for those
students like me who don't have personal computers
at home...

HTML is amazing!!

That's all..

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suko na ako mama & papa Sir kay cge ra daw me net...

gasto daw au ko.

cge ra ko balik net pra ma-improve ako HTML..

4 hours a day gud ko Sir..

grabeh nOh?? mahal au..

huhuhu... T_T

2009-01-31T01:15:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Jan. 26-30)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This Week, we don't really have a lesson.
We were just busy doing our own web page.
Everyday, we edit it and upload the new one.
Thanks to the help of my classmates.

learnings of the week (lorebeth betinol)

2009-01-25T13:35:00.000-08:00

We had tackled about making a webpage, and everyone is excited to make their own.

A web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext links.

Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on the World Wide Web. Web pages are requested and served from web servers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Web pages may consist of files of static text stored within the web server's file system (static web pages), or the web server may construct the (X)HTML for each web page when it is requested by a browser (dynamic web pages). Client-side scripting can make web pages more responsive to user input once in the client browser.

Creating a web page

To create a web page, a text editor or a specialized HTML editor is needed. In order to upload the created web page to a web server, traditionally an FTP client is needed.

The design of a web page is highly personal. A design can be made according to one's own preference, or a pre-made web template can be used. Web Templates let web page designers edit the content of a web page without having to worry about the overall aesthetics. Many people publish their own web pages using products like Geocities from Yahoo, Tripod, or Angelfire. These web publishing tools offer free page creation and hosting up to a certain size limit.

Other ways of making a web page is to download specialized software, like a Wiki, CMS, or forum. These options allow for quick and easy creation of a web page which is typically dynamic.

2009-01-24T19:49:00.000-08:00

Learnings of the Week (Jan.19-23)

By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

Last week, we tackled about HTML and we wer told to make our own website.

But, what is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags. The file must have an HTM or HTML extension. That markup tags tell the web browser how to display the page. HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements. HTML elements are defined using HTML tags. HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements. It is surrounded by the two characters <>, the surrounding characters are called angle brackets. HTML tags normally come in pairs like and . The first tag in a pair is the start tag; the second tag is the end tag. The text between the start and end tags is the element content and the HTML tags are not case sensitive.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) in computer science, the standard text-formatting language since 1989 for documents on the interconnected computing network known as the World Wide Web. HTML documents are text files that contain two parts: content that is meant to be rendered on a computer screen; and markup or tags, encoded information that directs the text format on the screen and is generally hidden from the user. HTML is a subset of a broader language called Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), which is a system for encoding and formatting documents, whether for output to a computer screen or to paper.
Some tags in an HTML document determine the way certain text, such as titles, will be formatted. Other tags cue the computer to respond to the user's actions on the keyboard or mouse. For instance, the user might click on an icon (a picture that represents a specific command), and that action might call another piece of software to display a graphic, play a recording, or run a short movie. Another important tag is a link, which may contain the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of another document. The URL can be compared to an address where a particular document resides. The document may be stored on the same computer as the parent document or on any computer connected to the World Wide Web. The user can navigate from document to document simply by clicking on these links. HTML also includes markups for forms that let the user fill out information and electronically send, or e-mail, the data to the document author, and initiate sophisticated searches of information on the Internet, or order goods and services.
The software that permits the user to navigate the World Wide Web and view HTML-encoded documents is called a browser. It interprets the HTML tags in a document and formats the content for screen display. Since HTML is an accepted standard, anyone can build a browser without concerning themselves with what form various documents will assume, unlike documents produced by typical word processors, which must be translated into a different format if another word processing application is used. Most sites on the World Wide Web adhere to HTML standards and, because HTML is easy to use, the World Wide Web has grown rapidly. HTML continues to evolve, however, so browsers must be upgraded regularly to meet the revised standards.

January 19 - 23, 2009

2009-01-24T11:49:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

This week??

This week we dont tackled anything.
I guess Sir Balbuena was so busy... =<

What we done this week?
We just check our test papers for the third grading periodical examination.
And don't learn new things about tle this week..

This week, we also have our recollection held at Molave Hotel..
January 20 was the exact date..

Maybe next week we will have to learn something about making web page.

The best thing is we're now off with programming.

yipeey!!

oOh yes!!

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nkarelax jud me kron na week..

wheew..

sus,. lisod man gud au programming bah.

at last humana jud ang programming!!!!!

yeheey!! :]

2009-01-22T01:34:00.001-08:00

Learnings of the week (Lorebeth Betinol)

2009-01-18T18:00:00.000-08:00

January 12-16,2009

This week we had discussed all about arrays, and............ here it goes...............

***Single – Dimensional Arrays

Array is a collection of variables of the same data type that is referenced by a common name.

Array declaration

The general form for any declaration is as follows:

type array_name[size];
Where:
type is any valid data type in Turbo C which declares the type of values that array will hold.

array_name is a valid variable name which will name the array.

size defines how many elements the array will hold.

The two declarations for arrays number and answer can be combined into a single declaration:

int number[100] , answer [25];

array initialization

Arrays can give initial values during the declaration. This is called array initialization..

int Array1[5]={25, 5, 7, 11, 163};

In computer science, an array^[1] is a data structure consisting of a group of elements that are accessed by indexing. In most programming languages each element has the same data type and the array occupies a contiguous area of storage.

Overview

Most programming languages have a built-in array data type, although what is called an array in the language documentation is sometimes really an associative array. Conversely, the contiguous storage kind of array discussed here may alternatively be called a vector, list,^[2] or table.^[3]

Some programming languages support array programming (e.g., APL, newer versions of Fortran) which generalises operations and functions to work transparently over arrays as they do with scalars, instead of requiring looping over array members.

Multi-dimensional arrays are accessed using more than one index: one for each dimension. Multidimensional indexing reduced to a lesser number of dimensions, for example, a two-dimensional array with consisting of 6 and 5 elements respectively could be represented using a one-dimensional array of 30 elements.

Arrays can be classified as fixed-sized arrays (sometimes known as static arrays) whose size cannot change once their storage has been allocated, or dynamic arrays, which can be resized.

[edit] Properties

Arrays permit constant time (O(1)) random access to individual elements, which is optimal, but moving elements requires time proportional to the number of elements moved. On actual hardware, the presence of e.g. caches can make sequential iteration over an array noticeably faster than random access — a consequence of arrays having good locality of reference because their elements occupy contiguous memory locations — but this does not change the asymptotic complexity of access. Likewise, there are often facilities (such as memcpy) which can be used to move contiguous blocks of array elements faster than one can do through individual element access, but that does not change the asymptotic complexity either.

Memory-wise, arrays are compact data structures with no per-element overhead. There may be a per-array overhead, e.g. to store index bounds, but this is language-dependent. It can also happen that elements stored in an array require less memory than the same elements stored in individual variables, because several array elements can be stored in a single word; such arrays are often called packed arrays.

2009-01-17T19:49:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Jan. 12-16)

By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

Last week, we tackled about arrays. We, Batch 1, have an activity about our last topic which is "ARRAYS".

ARRAY -it is a collection of variables of the same data type that is referenced by a common name.

Array[0] = 25
Parts of the Array:
Where:
Array – array name
[0] – subscript or index
25 – array element
ARRAY DECLARATION
This is the general form for any declaration:

type array_name[size];

Where:
type is any valid data type in Turbo C which declares the type of values that array will hold.
array_name is a valid variable name which will name the array.
size defines how many elements the array will hold.

int number[100] , answer [25];

Learnings of the Week!! (Jan 12-16)

2009-01-17T16:42:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

This week, we have discussed all about ARRAY. Honestly, i found it so difficult. :c

Heres's the summary of our lessons.

Array is a collection of variables of the same data type that is referenced by a common name.

Consider the illustration below…

#include main()
{
int array[4]={25,5,7,11,163};
clrscr();
printf(“%d %d %d %d %d”, array[0], array[1], array[2],array[3],array[4]);
getch();
}

Output:
25 5 7 11 163

Array declaration

The general form for any declaration is as follows:

type array_name[size];
Where:
type is any valid data type in Turbo C which declares the type of values that array will hold.
array_name is a valid variable name which will name the array.
size defines how many elements the array will hold.

Array declaration

lThe two declarations for arrays number and answer can be combined into a single declaration:
int number[100] , answer [25];

Array Initialization

lArrays can give initial values during the declaration. This is called array initialization..
int Array1[5]={25, 5, 7, 11, 163};

After we had discussed it, we then have our activities. Ü

January 12 - 16, 2009

2009-01-17T14:06:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

The students were very busy this week. Because this week was the time for us to take our third periodical examination.

We took the T.L.E examination January 16.

It was really really HARD...
I
I still get confused every time I trace the program...

I spend lot of the time in analyzing the program...

For me, programming is one of hardest lesson I've ever took...

And also, we have some reviews about our past lessons before the day of the test come.

We also discussed about array this week. To understand more about array, read below.

Array is a collection of variables of the same data type that is referenced by a common name.

Consider the illustration below…

#include main()
{
int array[4]={25,5,7,11,163};
clrscr();
printf(“%d %d %d %d %d”, array[0], array[1], array[2],array[3],array[4]);
getch();
}

Output:
25 5 7 11 163

Array declaration

The general form for any declaration is as follows:

type array_name[size];
Where:
type is any valid data type in Turbo C which declares the type of values that array will hold.

array_name is a valid variable name which will name the array.

size defines how many elements the array will hold.

The two declarations for arrays number and answer can be combined into a single declaration:

int number[100] , answer [25];

array initialization

Arrays can give initial values during the declaration. This is called array initialization..

int Array1[5]={25, 5, 7, 11, 163};

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

huhuhu..
la jud koy nasabtan miskan unsaon...
how sad... :-(

2009-01-10T19:23:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Jan. 5-9)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we have discussed about Recursion.

Recursion in computer science is a way of thinking about and solving problems. It is, in fact, one of the central ideas of computer science. ^[1] Solving a problem using recursion means the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. ^[2]

"The power of recursion evidently lies in the possibility of defining an infinite set of objects by a finite statement. In the same manner, an infinite number of computations can be described by a finite recursive program, even if this program contains no explicit repetitions." ^[3]

Most high-level computer programming languages support recursion by allowing a function to call itself within the program text. Imperative languages define looping constructs like “while” and “for” loops that are used to perform repetitive actions. Some functional programming languages do not define any looping constructs but rely solely on recursion to repeatedly call code. Computability theory has proven that these recursive only languages are mathematically equivalent to the imperative languages, meaning they can solve the same kinds of problems even without the typical control structures like “while” and “for”.

Examples of recursively defined procedures (generative recursion)

Factorial

A classic example of a recursive procedure is the function used to calculate the factorial of an integer.

Function definition: 0 \\ \end{cases}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/6/7/967ff33812b62076e5de85fe7fb40b83.png">

Pseudocode (recursive):
function factorial is: input: integer n such that n >= 1 output: [n × (n-1) × (n-2) × … × 1] 1. if n is 0, return 1 2. otherwise, return [ n × factorial(n-1) ] end factorial

Pseudocode (recursive):

function factorial is:
input: integer n such that n >= 1
output: [n × (n-1) × (n-2) × … × 1]

   1. if n is 0, return 1
   2. otherwise, return [ n × factorial(n-1) ]

end factorial

A recurrence relation is an equation that relates later terms in the sequence to earlier terms^[6].
Recurrence relation for factorial:
b_n = n * b_n-1
b₀ = 1

Computing the recurrence relation for n = 4:
b₄ = 4 * b₃ = 4 * 3 * b₂ = 4 * 3 * 2 * b₁ = 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * b₀ = 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1 = 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 4 * 3 * 2 = 4 * 6 = 24

Example Implementations:

Scheme (recursive)	C (recursive)
;; Input: Integer n such that n >= 0 (define (fact n) (if (= n 0) 1 (* n (fact (- n 1)))))	//INPUT: n is an integer such that n >= 0 int fact(int n) { if (n == 0) return 1; else return n * fact(n - 1); }

Scheme (recursive)

C (recursive)

;; Input: Integer n such that n >= 0
(define (fact n)
 (if (= n 0)
     1
     (* n (fact (- n 1)))))

//INPUT: n is an integer such that n >= 0
int fact(int n)
{
  if (n == 0)
     return 1;
  else
     return n * fact(n - 1);
}

Learnings (lorebeth)

2009-01-10T13:34:00.000-08:00

January 10,2009

We had discussed about recursion, even though it is hard to understand but still I'm trying my best.

Recursion defined

The repetitive process by which a functions calls itself is called recursion or circular definition.
This is a way of defining something in terms of itself.
A function is said to be recursive if a statement in the body of the function calls the function that contains it.

Parts of the Recursive function

Base Case
This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the if clause. This contains the condition that should be satisfied at one point of execution to terminate the repetitive process done by the recursive function.

General Case
This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the else-clause. This contains the function call of the recursive function to itself.

Recursion in computer science is a way of thinking about and solving problems. It is, in fact, one of the central ideas of computer science. ^[1] Solving a problem using recursion means the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. ^[2]

"The power of recursion evidently lies in the possibility of defining an infinite set of objects by a finite statement. In the same manner, an infinite number of computations can be described by a finite recursive program, even if this program contains no explicit repetitions." ^[3]

January 5 - 9, 2009

2009-01-10T11:07:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV - Rizal

This week we discussed about recursion.

*RECURSION- defined as the repetitive process by which a function calls itself. It is also termed as the CIRCULAR DEFINITION. Recursion is also a programming technique where a routine performs its task by delegating part of it to another instance of itself.

For example in this program segment:

Factorial (int n)

{

If (n==1||n==0) return 1;

else return (n * factorial (n-1));

}

In this program segment, it illustrates a function containing a call to it. The lines else return (n * factorial (n-1)); contains the function call for the factorial function.

The parts of the recursive function include the Base Case. The base case can be found in the “if clause”. It contains the condition that should be satisfied at one point of execution to terminate the repetitive process done be the recursive function. And the other part of the recursive function is the General Case. The general case can be located on the “else-clause”. It contains the function call of the recursive function to itself.

The Direct Recursion is a recursive functions that can call itself through a function call directly inside the body of the function. While the second type of recursion is the indirect recursion. The Indirect Recursion is a recursive functions that can call another function outside its function.

And we also have an activity regarding the lesson...

hehe,. =)

Learnings of the Week!!

2009-01-09T22:19:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

RECURSION.Well, we have activities regarding the recursion. Mr. Balbuena teaches this lesson well, but in our the activity given, we have encountered some difficulties in running our program. God! napaka-hirap talaga 'nun.

Here's some of our discussions:

Recursion is repetitive process by which a function calls itself. It is also termed as the circular.

The Direct Recursion is a recursive functions that can call itself through a function call directly inside the body of the function. While the second type of recursion is the indirect recursion. The
Indirect Recursion is a recursive functions that can call another function outside its function.

For example in this program segment:
Factorial (int n)
{
If (n==1n==0) return 1;
else return (n * factorial (n-1));
}

In this program segment, it illustrates a function containing a call to it. The lines else return (n * factorial (n-1)); contains the function call for the factorial function.
The parts of the recursive function include the Base Case. The base case can be found in the “if clause”. It contains the condition that should be satisfied at one point of execution to terminate the repetitive process done be the recursive function. And the other part of the recursive function is the General Case. The general case can be located on the “else-clause”. It contains the function call of the recursive function to itself.

2009-01-03T19:18:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Dec.29 - Jan.2)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

Its still our christmas vacation this week. And this thursday, we're going to face the start of new year!

Welcome year of the ox!

Happy New Year!

Welcome 2009!

And next week, we'll going to start our classes for 2009!

Happy Vacation!:)

Learnings- Lorebeth

2009-01-02T13:30:00.000-08:00

December 29-January 2, 2009

Christmas is finished but it's a Happy 100x New year guys.....................

Lets welcome the 2009 which is the year of the OX with a big S.M.I.L.E.

Opps! Vacation will be finish and say "hello" to class.

I just read this one:

Auto-increment and Auto-decrement Operators

- instead of using  i = i+1 use equivalent statement  i++
- similarly j = j-1 can be written as j--
- similarly a = a+b can be written as a += b
- similarly c = c-d can be written as c -= d
- similar compact forms for * / and % exist
- this results in shorter (and often faster) code

learnings

2009-01-01T20:02:00.001-08:00

3rd grading has started…

We started the week with an assignment in programming about iterative statements.

Each group was given different problems that must be reported by group also the next day.

We we’re so nervous because we don’t know how to answer our problem. But thanks to our classmates, we solve our problem because of their help.

Luckily, I’m not the one who was chosen to report our problem…yipeey!!

Learnings (lorebeth betinol)

2009-01-01T19:25:00.000-08:00

Bakit hindi ako maka post ????

Learnings of the Week!!

2009-01-01T16:30:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

Well, i thought of not writing anymore

'learning of the week', since this week is our vacation week. !!

But i love to greet everybody a

Merry Christmas and advance Happy New Year. !

By the way, 2008 is ending up so I hope

everybody will have a nice and happy new year. Ü

And, we are going to face the 2009 or the year of the ox.

Do you know what's an ox like?

If not, just look at it.

i hope this year will have a good fortune for everybody.!

So Godbless and Take care.!

Learnings (BETINOL, lorebeth)

2008-12-27T21:01:00.000-08:00

December 22- 26

No more class, its...... (ehem.. ehemmm.)whatt time is it.. its Christmas Vacation.

Happy Christmas to everyone.

Still learning:

The do-while Statement

- the do-while loop puts Boolean expression after the body of loop
- body will be always executed at least once
- if Boolean expression is TRUE, the loop will continue
- useful for selected applications
- example: read input and check if valid

Nested Loops

- often necessary for one loop to include another loop to solve a problem - need separate initializations, Boolean expressions, and increments

2008-12-27T20:42:00.001-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Dec. 22-26)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

yEehEey! it’s the stArt of x-mAs vAcatiOn alReadY!

..itS so happy and fun here!

..just resting and watching tv!

..suliton sa ang panahon!

..hehe!

..mErry x-mas 2 all!

..& happy b-day Jesus!

..mwAAAAhh!xD

December 22 - 26, 2008

2008-12-27T10:38:00.000-08:00

By: Cielito M. Cantero

Santa Claus is coming to town!!!

Christmas na!!!

wLa nay learnings of the week ouie…

reSt muna…

oras na pwa mg-hapi2…

it’s Jesus Christ b-Day…

merry cHristmas 2 ol…

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

eNjoy au…

:-) (n_n) (^_^) (--,) :o) :oD

Learnings of the Week!!

2008-12-26T15:10:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

CHRISTMAS WEEK. Ü

December 15 - 19, 2008

2008-12-21T10:28:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

ReUnion… (hehehe)

We finally met our TLE teacher, Sir Ernie Balbuena, this week…

After so many days he had been gone, he finally showed up…

Because it’s a reunion we must be very happy…but it’s not…

We didn’t discussed new lesson but instead we have activity about function call again…

It was a surprise activity…and we don’t expect it!

But still, because of our intelligence (atik…), we still manage to solve it…

And also, this week, we are celebrating our CHRISTMAS PARTY!!!

But unfortunately, I wasn’t able to attend it because our family has important matter to do…

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

huhuhu…

saYang!!!

laSt parTy na sNa….(T_T)

2008-12-20T20:37:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Dec. 15-19)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we had an activity all about Function Call again.

Huhuhu

I only got 80!

Its because of the last minute changing of ideas!

..but still, its okay ‘coz we celebrated our Christmas Party on 19th, though its not so fun, I just got contented about it after receiving my gift from Aubrey!

..oOopZzZ!:)

Learnings of the Week!!

2008-12-20T17:48:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

Well, our teacher has finally showed up,

the he gave us activity. And luckily, we had solved it. Ü

Learnings ( LOREBETH BETINOL)

2008-12-20T16:53:00.000-08:00

December 15-19

Teachers day had passed so, Mr. Balbuena gave us an activity this time which I'm not prepared of.

It's the turn of batch one to shine, I mean to do the activity Our teacher shuffled the usual seats I do not know why..

One of our classmate do it as fast as a lightning (*charr....) maybe because he really has a talent..

But me ... I have Nothing.

Even though I'm not prepared but still i got an average score.

Hey! This Friday will be our Christmas Party.. Thank God.

I'm still learning..

2008-12-13T20:37:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Dec. 8-12)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we don’t also have a continuous class because teachers were still busy doing something.
We were just tasked by Sir Ernie to study the reports of the previous activities.

Hmmmm..maybe were having another activity..

Luckily, I thought something.

But still,
Hehehe..Christmas Party is already coming next week!..yeEeEhEy!

Learnings of the Week!!

2008-12-13T13:26:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

We are just reporting this week. ! Ü

Learnings (BETINOL, lorebeth)

2008-12-13T11:44:00.000-08:00

December8-12

This week, we don’t also have a continuous class because teachers were still busy doing something.

We were just tasked by Sir Ernie to study the reports of the previous activities.

This week is the teachers day, i think that is the reason why they are busy so much...

Thanks to my classmates who reported and I knew something.

Which are the:

Common Errors

- extra semicolon after for (..) or while (..) causes zero line infinite loop
- counters (and other variables) not properly initialized
- Boolean expression will never become FALSE (infinite loop)
- loop executes incorrect number of times (off by one common)
- never update for loop counter variable inside for loop
- never use same counter variable for nested loops

December 8 - 12, 2008

2008-12-13T08:21:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

No cLass aGaiN…!

This week, teachers were so busy again and I don’t know why…

Maybe, because they’re doing some of their reports…

But still, we were tasked by our teacher to study the reports of our classmates in our activity last week…

And in the end, I still learned something about programming…

Thanks to my classmates who helped me…! (char!)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tHat’s aLL…

tnx… (--,)

December 1 - 5, 2008

2008-12-07T10:11:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

aNotHer nO No nO cLass!!!

Teachers’ Day is coming to town!!

We don’t have class in TLE this week because it’s teachers’ day…

Teachers were so busy practicing their presentation for their day…

Our TLE teacher, Sir Ernie Balbuena is one of the teachers participating the dance contest that will be held in the Tagum Trade Center…

Sir Ernie’s team done their best…And they got the 2nd place…

Next week, classes will be back to normal…

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

huhuhu..

hehehe pala….

(“,)

Learnings of the Week!!

2008-12-07T09:24:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

Sir Ernie joining the dance contest?

Oh my God!! I cant imagine it. !! lol. Actually,

its Teacher's Day thats why we dont have c

lasses and again, dont have

learnings for this dweek. ! Ü

2008-12-06T20:29:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Dec.1-5)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we don’t really have a continuous class this is because of the preparation for the Teacher’s Day!

Students and Teachers were so busy preparing presentations for this day.

And Take Note: Sir Ernie is preparing his dance number, together with his co-teachers for the said event.

Hehehe!

Learnings (BETINOL)

2008-12-06T10:39:00.000-08:00

December1-5

Actually we don't have a class seriously because .. it is teachers day!!

Our TLE teacher is included in the dance contest so some of the reporters are task to report since we don't have a teacher.

It as more on examples about iterative statements.

terative Statements

Three types of iterative statement are provided in Magma: the for-statement providing definite iteration and the while- and repeat-statements providing indefinite iteration.

Iteration may be performed over an arithmetic progression of integers or over any finite enumerated structure. Iterative statements may be nested. If nested iterations occur over the same enumerated structure, abbreviations such as for x, y in X do may be used; the leftmost identifier will correspond to the outermost loop, etc. (For nested iteration in sequence constructors, see Chapter SEQUENCES.)

Early termination of the body of loop may be specified through use of the `jump' commands break and continue.

Subsections

November 24 - 28, 2008

2008-11-30T10:03:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

nO No nO cLass!!!

Because of the Regional Press Conference that will be held in our school this week, we don’t have classes…

Teachers were so busy preparing for the Press Conference…

And students were also busy cleaning their respective rooms…

And so, we had no class for the rest of the day…

I learned nothing this week…

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

..hehe,.

reSt na nMan…!!

yeheey!! :-)

learnings (BETINOL)

2008-11-29T20:04:00.000-08:00

November 24-28

Seriously I have nothing to learned.......................because everybody is busy cleaning their classrooms, performing their own task in preparation for the regional schools press conference..

it means that we don't have class most of the days.

so that's it.

Learnings of the Week!!

2008-11-28T18:35:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

Regional Press Conference. This is the reason

why we dont havr classes

and basically no learnings.

2008-11-25T20:25:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Nov. 24-28)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, I learned nothing because we were busy cleaning our respective rooms and the teachers were also busy preparing for the event.

This is due to the Regional Press Conference that was held in our school.

Meaning, we had no class for several days.

..yEEEhEEEEy!!:)

2008-11-22T20:16:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Nov. 17-21)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we discussed about Function Calls. He also taught us how t use them.
But what does Function Call really mean?
Function call operator ( )
A function call is an expression containing the function name followed by the function call operator, (). If the function has been defined to receive parameters, the values that are to be sent into the function are listed inside the parentheses of the function call operator. The argument list can contain any number of expressions separated by commas. It can also be empty.
The type of a function call expression is the return type of the function. This type can either be a complete type, a reference type, or the type void. A function call expression is always an rvalue. A function call is an lvalue if and only if the type of the function is a reference.
Here are some examples of the function call operator:
stub()
overdue(account, date, amount)
notify(name, date + 5)
report(error, time, date, ++num)
The order of evaluation for function call arguments is not specified. In the following example:
method(sample1, batch.process--, batch.process);
the argument batch.process-- might be evaluated last, causing the last two arguments to be passed with the same value.
Below is also another explanation of Function and Parameters.
A function is similar to a subroutine (Gosub) except that it can accept parameters (inputs) from its caller. In addition, a function may optionally return a value to its caller. Consider the following simple function which accepts two numbers and returns their sum:
Add(x, y)
{
return x + y ; "Return" expects an expression.
}
The above is known as a function definition because it creates a function named "Add" (not case sensitive) and establishes that anyone who calls it must provide exactly two parameters (x and y). To call the function, assign its result to a variable with the := operator. For example:
Var := Add(2, 3) ; The number 5 will be stored in Var.
Also, a function may be called without storing its return value:
Add(2, 3)
But in this case, any value returned by the function is discarded; so unless the function produces some effect other than its return value, the call would serve no purpose.
Since a function call is an expression, any variable names in its parameter list should not be enclosed in percent signs. By contrast, literal strings should be enclosed in double quotes. For example:
if InStr(MyVar, "fox")
MsgBox The variable MyVar contains the word fox.
In v1.0.47.06+, a function (even a built-in function) may be called dynamically via percent signs. For example, %Var%(x, "fox") would call the function whose name is contained in Var. Similarly, Func%A_Index%() would call Func1() or Func2(), etc., depending on the current value of A_Index. The called function's definition must exist explicitly in the script by means such as #Include or a non-dynamic call to a library containing the function. If the function does not exist -- or if the wrong number or type of parameters is passed to it -- the expression containing the call produces an empty string.
Finally, functions may be called in the parameters of any command (except OutputVar and InputVar parameters such as those of StringLen). However, parameters that do not support expressions must use the "% " prefix as in this example:
MsgBox % "The answer is: " . Add(3, 2)
The "% " prefix is also permitted in parameters that natively support expressions, but it is simply ignored.
Parameters
When a function is defined, its parameters are listed in parentheses next to its name (there must be no spaces between its name and the open-parenthesis). If a function does not accept any parameters, leave the parentheses empty; for example: GetCurrentTimestamp().
ByRef Parameters: From the function's point of view, parameters are essentially the same as local variables unless they are defined as ByRef as in this example:
Swap(ByRef Left, ByRef Right)
{
temp := Left
Left := Right
Right := temp
}
In the example above, the use of ByRef causes each parameter to become an alias for the variable passed in from the caller. In other words, the parameter and the caller's variable both refer to the same contents in memory. This allows the Swap function to alter the caller's variables by moving Left's contents into Right and vice versa.
By contrast, if ByRef were not used in the example above, Left and Right would be copies of the caller's variables and thus the Swap function would have no external effect.
Since return can send back only one value to a function's caller, ByRef can be used to send back extra results. This is achieved by having the caller pass in a variable (usually empty) in which the function stores a value.
When passing large strings to a function, ByRef enhances performance and conserves memory by avoiding the need to make a copy of the string. Similarly, using ByRef to send a long string back to the caller usually performs better than something like Return HugeString.
Known limitations:
• It is not possible to pass Clipboard, built-in variables, or environment variables to a function's ByRef parameter, even when #NoEnv is absent from the script. Passing a built-in variable to a ByRef parameter causes an error dialog to be displayed.
• Although a function may call itself recursively, if it passes one of its own local variables or non-ByRef parameters to itself ByRef, the new layer's ByRef parameter will refer to its own local variable of that name rather than the previous layer's. However, this issue does not occur when a function passes to itself a global variable, static variable, or ByRef parameter.
• If a parameter in a function-call resolves to a variable (e.g. Var or ++Var or Var*=2), other parameters to its left or right can alter that variable before it is passed to the function. For example, func(Var, Var++) would unexpectedly pass 1 and 0 when Var is initially 0, even when the function's first parameter is not ByRef. Since this behavior is counterintuitive, it might change in a future release.
Optional Parameters
When defining a function, one or more of its parameters can be marked as optional. This is done by appending an equal sign followed by a default value. The following function has its Z parameter marked optional:
Add(X, Y, Z = 0)
{
return X + Y + Z
}
When the caller passes three parameters to the function above, Z's default value is ignored. But when the caller passes only two parameters, Z automatically receives the value 0.
It is not possible to have optional parameters isolated in the middle of the parameter list. In other words, all parameters that lie to the right of the first optional parameter must also be marked optional.
In v1.0.46.13+, ByRef parameters also support default values; for example: Func(ByRef p1 = ""). Whenever the caller omits such a parameter, the function creates a local variable to contain the default value; in other words, the function behaves as though the keyword "ByRef" is absent.
A parameter's default value must be one of the following: true, false, a literal integer, a literal floating point number, or a quoted/literal string such as "fox" or "" (but versions prior to 1.0.46.13+ allow only "").

November 17 - 21, 2008

2008-11-22T18:51:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

Function Call???

If Mathematics has Functions, Computer Programming has Function Calls…

Function Call is the one that calls the function in doing its specified tasks…

We also tackled about the actual and formal parameters this week…

Below is the deeper explanation about the Function Call:

Most languages allow you to create functions of some sort. Functions let you chop up a long program into named sections so that the sections can be reused throughout the program. Functions accept parameters and return a result. C functions can accept an unlimited number of parameters. In general, C does not care in what order you put your functions in the program, so long as a the function name is known to the compiler before it is called.

We have already talked a little about functions. The rand function seen previously is about as simple as a function can get. It accepts no parameters and returns an integer result:

int rand()
/* from K&R
- produces a random number between 0 and 32767.*/
{
rand_seed = rand_seed * 1103515245 +12345;
return (unsigned int)(rand_seed / 65536) % 32768;
}

The int rand() line declares the function rand to the rest of the program and specifies that rand will accept no parameters and return an integer result. This function has no local variables, but if it needed locals, they would go right below the opening { (C allows you to declare variables after any { -- they exist until the program reaches the matching } and then they disappear. A function's local variables therefore vanish as soon as the matching } is reached in the function. While they exist, local variables live on the system stack.) Note that there is no ; after the () in the first line. If you accidentally put one in, you will get a huge cascade of error messages from the compiler that make no sense. Also note that even though there are no parameters, you must use the (). They tell the compiler that you are declaring a function rather than simply declaring an int.

The return statement is important to any function that returns a result. It specifies the value that the function will return and causes the function to exit immediately.

This means that you can place multiple return statements in the function to give it multiple exit points. If you do not place a return statement in a function, the function returns when it reaches } and returns a random value (many compilers will warn you if you fail to return a specific value). In C, a function can return values of any type: int, float, char, struct, etc.
There are several correct ways to call the rand function. For example: x=rand();. The variable x is assigned the value returned by rand in this statement. Note that you must use () in the function call, even though no parameter is passed. Otherwise, x is given the memory address of the rand function, which is generally not what you intended.
You might also call rand this way:
if (rand() > 100)
Or this way:
rand();
In the latter case, the function is called but the value returned by rand is discarded. You may never want to do this with rand, but many functions return some kind of error code through the function name, and if you are not concerned with the error code (for example, because you know that an error is impossible) you can discard it in this way.
Functions can use a void return type if you intend to return nothing. For example:

void print_header()
{
printf("Program Number 1\n");
printf("by Marshall Brain\n");
printf("Version 1.0, released 12/26/91\n");
}
This function returns no value. You can call it with the following statement:
print_header();
You must include () in the call. If you do not, the function is not called, even though it will compile correctly on many systems.
C functions can accept parameters of any type. For example:
int fact(int i)

{
int j,k;

j=1;
for (k=2; k<=i; k++)
j=j*k;
return j;
}
returns the factorial of i, which is passed in as an integer parameter. Separate multiple parameters with commas:
int add (int i, int j)
{
return i+j;
}
C has evolved over the years. You will sometimes see functions such as add written in the "old style," as shown below:
int add(i,j)
int i;
int j;
{
return i+j;
}
It is important to be able to read code written in the older style. There is no difference in the way it executes; it is just a different notation. You should use the "new style," (known as ANSI C) with the type declared as part of the parameter list, unless you know you will be shipping the code to someone who has access only to an "old style" (non-ANSI) compiler.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lisod nOh??!!
..hahay..

Learnings - Nov. 17-21, (betinol)

2008-11-22T17:17:00.000-08:00

This time we discussed about function call.
Here it goes:

Function Call Operator ( )

A function call is an expression containing a simple type name and a parenthesized argument list. The argument list can contain any number of expressions separated by commas. It can also be empty.

For example:

stub()
overdue(account, date, amount)
notify(name, date + 5)
report(error, time, date, ++num)

There are two kinds of function calls: ordinary function calls and C++ member function calls. Any function may call itself except for the function main.

Type of a Function Call

The type of a function call expression is the return type of the function. This type can either be a complete type, a reference type, or the type void. A function call is an lvalue if and only if the type of the function is a reference.

Arguments and Parameters

A function argument is an expression that you use within the parentheses of a function call. A function parameter is an object or reference declared within the parentheses of a function declaration or definition. When you call a function, the arguments are evaluated, and each parameter is initialized with the value of the corresponding argument. The semantics of argument passing are identical to those of assignment.

A function can change the values of its non-const parameters, but these changes have no effect on the argument unless the parameter is a reference type.

Linkage and Function Calls

In C, if a function definition has external linkage and a return type of int, calls to the function can be made before it is explicitly declared because an implicit declaration of extern int func(); is assumed. This is not true for C++.

Type Conversions of Arguments

Arguments that are arrays or functions are converted to pointers before being passed as function arguments.

Arguments passed to nonprototyped C functions undergo conversions: type short or char parameters are converted to int, and float parameters to double. Use a cast expression for other conversions.

The compiler compares the data types provided by the calling function with the data types that the called function expects and performs necessary type conversions. For example, when function funct is called, argument f is converted to a double, and argument c is converted to an int:

char * funct (double d, int i);
    /* ... */
int main(void)
{
  float f;
  char c;
  funct(f, c) /* f is converted to a double, c is converted to an int */
  return 0;
}

Evaluation Order of Arguments

The order in which arguments are evaluated is not specified. Avoid such calls as:

method(sample1, batch.process--, batch.process);

In this example, batch.process-- might be evaluated last, causing the last two arguments to be passed with the same value.

Example of Function Calls

In the following example, main passes func two values: 5 and 7. The function func receives copies of these values and accesses them by the identifiers: a and b. The function func changes the value of a. When control passes back to main, the actual values of x and y are not changed. The called function func only receives copies of the values of x and y, not the variables themselves.

/**
** This example illustrates function calls
**/

#include 

void func (int a, int b)
{
  a += b;
  printf("In func, a = %d    b = %d\n", a, b);
}

int main(void)
{
  int x = 5, y = 7;
  func(x, y);
  printf("In main, x = %d    y = %d\n", x, y);
  return 0;
}

This program produces the following output:

In func, a = 12   b = 7
In main, x = 5    y = 7

Learnings of the Week!!

2008-11-22T13:36:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

Function call? Whats that steff?, kindly explain.

Ok.ok, I'll explain.

Its the summary:

A function call is an expression containing a simple type name and a parenthesized argument list. The argument list can contain any number of expressions separated by commas. It can also be empty.
For example: stub()overdue(account, date, amount)notify(name, date + 5)report(error, time, date, ++num)
There are two kinds of function calls: ordinary function calls and C++ member function calls. Any function may call itself except for the function main.

Type of a Function Call
The type of a function call expression is the return type of the function. This type can either be a complete type, a reference type, or the type void. A function call is an lvalue if and only if the type of the function is a reference.

Arguments and Parameters
A function argument is an expression that you use within the parentheses of a function call. A function parameter is an object or reference declared within the parentheses of a function declaration or definition. When you call a function, the arguments are evaluated, and each parameter is initialized with the value of the corresponding argument. The semantics of argument passing are identical to those of assignment.
A function can change the values of its non-const parameters, but these changes have no effect on the argument unless the parameter is a reference type.

Linkage and Function Calls
In C, if a function definition has external linkage and a return type of int, calls to the function can be made before it is explicitly declared because an implicit declaration of extern int func(); is assumed. This is not true for C++.

Type Conversions of Arguments
Arguments that are arrays or functions are converted to pointers before being passed as function arguments.
Arguments passed to nonprototyped C functions undergo conversions: type short or char parameters are converted to int, and float parameters to double. Use a cast expression for other conversions.
The compiler compares the data types provided by the calling function with the data types that the called function expects and performs necessary type conversions. For example, when function funct is called, argument f is converted to a double, and argument c is converted to an int: char * funct (double d, int i); /* ... */int main(void){ float f; char c; funct(f, c) /* f is converted to a double, c is converted to an int */ return 0;}
Evaluation Order of Arguments
The order in which arguments are evaluated is not specified. Avoid such calls as: method(sample1, batch.process--, batch.process);
In this example, batch.process-- might be evaluated last, causing the last two arguments to be passed with the same value.

Example of Function Calls
In the following example, main passes func two values: 5 and 7. The function func receives copies of these values and accesses them by the identifiers: a and b. The function func changes the value of a. When control passes back to main, the actual values of x and y are not changed. The called function func only receives copies of the values of x and y, not the variables themselves. /**** This example illustrates function calls**/#include void func (int a, int b){ a += b; printf("In func, a = %d b = %d\n", a, b);}int main(void){ int x = 5, y = 7; func(x, y); printf("In main, x = %d y = %d\n", x, y); return 0;}
This program produces the following output: In func, a = 12 b = 7In main, x = 5 y = 7

Learnings (betinol)

2008-11-16T08:09:00.000-08:00

November 10-14

We had an individual work this time!!

Seriously I really don't know how it works but I discovered it step by step through time.

Though my work is incomplete and misplaced some marks, but still learned.

The for Statement

- the for loop provides a compact syntax for iteration
- typically used for counting loops, but can be used for any loop
- allows you to specify the following all on one line
 1) initialization statement(s)
 2) Boolean expression for continuing loop
 3) statements to be executed after loop

// for loop syntax
for ( initialization; Boolean expression ; increment )
  {
  statements to be repeated
  }

// for loop example
for (Num = 0; Num < 10; Num = Num+1)
  {
  cout << Num << "cubed=" << Num*Num*Num << endl;
  }

2008-11-15T20:12:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Nov. 10-14)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we were given another activity to solve but this time, its an individual work.

Its just the same on our previous lessons but still it’s hard to execute the right usage of statements.

Just like Cielito, my program did run but still its wrong.

Better luck next time! HUHUHU

November 10 - 14, 2008

2008-11-15T10:42:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

It’s Activity Time…!

This week, we had an activity again about programming…

And the problem given to us was just parallel to those problems reported in the class the last day…

But even if it’s a parallel to some of the problem reported, it still takes us time to solve and answer the problem…

Like the previous activities, even though my program runs, I still ended up giving the wrong answer…

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

..huhuhu..

hOw saD..(T_T)

Learnings Lorebeth Betinol

2008-11-08T20:03:00.001-08:00

Hey! its November...

We started the week with an assignment in programming about iterative statements.

Each of the group is task to report a problem.

This time I learned A lot.

I learned more about how important are the punctuations because it may affect the whole program.

Unluckily we are the first one to report but unluckily I'm no chosen..

2008-11-08T20:03:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Nov. 3-7)
By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This is the start of our 3rd grading period!

This week, each group was assigned to execute and report their respective activities.

I learned something about how to use iterative statements because I was there when we were trying to execute the activity by ourselves. Its easy to execute but definitely hard to explain.

Unfortunately, when the reporting day came, I was the on who was told to help Lorebeth in reporting. Unluckily, we only got 85. Huhuhu

Learnings of the Week!! (Nov 3-7)

2008-11-08T15:45:00.000-08:00

Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

Uhhm, this week?? We just have a reporting
assigned by our teacher.
And you know what, I was chosen as
a reporter, my God, its so difficult. Ü

But luckily, sir Balbuena let my group help me.
And we have done it. But its hard, really hard.!

November 3 - 7, 2008

2008-11-08T09:35:00.000-08:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

3rd grading has started…

We started the week with an assignment in programming about iterative statements.

Each group was given different problems that must be reported by group also the next day.

We we’re so nervous because we don’t know how to answer our problem. But thanks to our classmates, we solve our problem because of their help.

Luckily, I’m not the one who was chosen to report our problem…yipeey!!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

‘yan lang!! (^_^)

2008-11-03T18:43:00.000-08:00

Learnings of the Week (Oct 26-Nov.3)

By:Frea Diane T. Bautista

..uhhmmmm..it's our sembreak and it's the end of our 2nd grading period.

Learnings of the Week! (Sept. 29-Oct 31)

2008-10-31T22:43:00.000-07:00

By: Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

This week, we have performed a series of activities, I admit that I haven’t perfect the scores but still I learned a lot of lessons. It is so useful and very important to us for our future.

Below, you will see how the user values were read.

Example:

#include

int main()

int a, b, c;

printf("Enter the first value:");

scanf("%d", &a);

printf("Enter the second value:");

scanf("%d", &b);

c = a + b;

printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);

return 0;

Note that scanf uses the same sort of format string as printf (type man scanf for more info). Also note the & in front of a and b. This is the address operator in C: It returns the address of the variable (this will not make sense until we discuss pointers). You must use the & operator in scanf on any variable of type char, int, or float, as well as structure types (which we will get to shortly). If you leave out the & operator, you will get an error when you run the program. Try it so that you can see what that sort of run-time error looks like.

Let's look at some variations to understand printf completely. Here is the simplest printf statement:

printf("Hello");

This call to printf has a format string that tells printf to send the word "Hello" to standard out. Contrast it with this:

printf("Hello\n");

The difference between the two is that the second version sends the word "Hello" followed by a carriage return to standard out.

The following line shows how to output the value of a variable using printf.

printf("%d", b);

The %d is a placeholder that will be replaced by the value of the variable b when the printf statement is executed. Often, you will want to embed the value within some other words. One way to accomplish that is like this:

printf("The temperature is ");

printf("%d", b);

printf(" degrees\n");

An easier way is to say this:

printf("The temperature is %d degrees\n", b);

You can also use multiple %d placeholders in one printf statement:

printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);

In the printf statement, it is extremely important that the number of operators in the format string corresponds exactly with the number and type of the variables following it. For example, if the format string contains three %d operators, then it must be followed by exactly three parameters and they must have the same types in the same order as those specified by the operators.

You can print all of the normal C types with printf by using different placeholders:

int (integer values) uses %d
float (floating point values) uses %f
char (single character values) uses %c
character strings (arrays of characters, discussed later) use %s

October 27 - 31, 2008

2008-10-31T20:33:00.000-07:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

seMbReak tYm!!!

8s the eNd of the 2nd Grading period…yaHoo!!

This week, I learned………nothing!!!..hehe,. rest time kasi na min ‘to..haha..

That’s aLL..Thank u!! (n_n)

Learnings of the week (Lorebeth)

2008-10-31T10:52:00.000-07:00

October 27-31
by: Lorebeth Betinol

DRUM ROLL PLEASE...............................................................................................................................

I have Learned nothing because it is our semestral break, despite of having this break we are still busy with some projects.. That's all.. thank you.

wHEW!! iT SEEMS LIKE THIS ONE IS soooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo long..

Bye...

Learnings of the week (Lorebeth)(Ocober 20-24)

2008-10-25T20:30:00.000-07:00

This Week we are going to have our periodical test for the second quarter, so.... no serious class really happened.

Only the batch two had their activity about programming.

2008-10-25T18:40:00.000-07:00

Learnings of the Week (Oct. 20-24)

By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

Ahmmm..this week, we just had a review. No new lessons have discussed. The Batch 2 had just perform an activity in the Computer Laboratory. And on 24 we had our 2nd Periodical Exam in TLE.

October 20 - 24, 2008

2008-10-25T09:13:00.000-07:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK
By: Cielito M. Cantero
IV – Rizal

Our Second Grading Examination was done this week last October 24 and the test was very hard for me specially the programming part. It takes a lot of time for me to answer it.

The day before the examination, we had an activity about programming. And again and again…I wasn’t able to solve the problem properly but I was able to run it.

We also had done the business planning this week. It really takes time and effort to make such project. And so teamwork and cooperation is a big help. Even though we had hard time to finish it, we still finished it and got high grades..hehe..

2008-10-18T18:34:00.000-07:00

Learnings of the Week(Oct.13-17)

By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we learned alot about looping and branching. We used it in some of our activities but what do looping and branching really mean.

For me, The for Statement

This is the famous for loop structure that many of you have been using to write your own algorithms. The for loop is used when the number of loops is known (unlike the while loop, as we will see later). The syntax of the for loop is:

for (initialization; conditional expression; stepping)
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
}

As you can see, the initialization, the expression that controls the loop, and the stepping parts are all defined in the top of the statement and in one location. The parts are also separated by semicolons, and you begin the looped statements, or the statements that will be executed in the loop, using a block ( { } ). The first part of the for statement is the initialization part; use this part to initialize the variables that will be used in the algorithm of the for loop. Note that these variables are allocated on the stack, and this part will be executed only one time, because it doesn't make any sense to declare and initialize the same variable with the same value each time in the loop.

The next part is the conditional expression, which determines whether the loop will be executed again or not. If the condition (something like i < myArray.Length) evaluated to false, control passes to the first statement after the for statement block. If the condition evaluated to true, the body of the for block (the controlled statements) will be executed.

The last part is the stepping part. Usually it will be a counter that will increment the variable that the conditional expression uses, because at some point we need the conditional expression to evaluate to false and terminate the execution of the for loop. Note that the stepping part executes after the controlled statements. That is, first the initialization part executes (one time only) and the variables allocate space on the stack; second, the conditional expression is evaluated, and if true, the controlled statements execute, followed by the stepping part execution, and again the conditional expression is evaluated and the process iterates.

Note that any of the three parts that make the for statement can be empty; although it's not common, it can happen. Take a look:

static void Main(string[] args)
{
int x = 10;
for(; x < 100; x += 10)
{
Console.WriteLine(x);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}

Compile the method into a class and run the application; you will get the following result:

As you can see, we omit the initialization part and we just put in the semicolon. Also note that the counter can increment or decrement, and it's up to you to define the algorithm.

The for loop can be used to define very complex algorithms; this happens as a result of nesting the for loops. Let's take a very simple example which extends the above loop example. It will simply write the same numbers, but this time with a little difference.

public class Loops
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{

for(int x = 10; x < 100; x += 10)
{
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine(x);
for(int y = x - 1, temp = x - 10; y > temp; y--)
{
Console.Write("{0}, ", y);
}
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Compile the class and run it, and you will get the following result:

I have used a nest for loop to print all the numbers between two iterations from the outer for loop. The ability to use for loops actually makes great programmers.

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Oct. 13 - Oct. 17)

2008-10-18T11:23:00.000-07:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK

By: Cielito M. Cantero

IV – Rizal

The branching and Looping!..

Branching and Looping

In C, both if statements and while loops rely on the idea of Boolean expressions. Here is a simple C program demonstrating an if statement:

#include

int main()

int b;

printf("Enter a value:");

scanf("%d", &b);

if (b <>

printf("The value is negative\n");

return 0;

This program accepts a number from the user. It then tests the number using an if statement to see if it is less than 0. If it is, the program prints a message. Otherwise, the program is silent. The (b <> portion of the program is the Boolean expression. C evaluates this expression to decide whether or not to print the message. If the Boolean expression evaluates to True, then C executes the

single line immediately following the if statement (or a block of lines within braces imme

diately following the if statement). If the Boolean expression is False, then C skips the line or block of lines immediately following the if statement.

Here's slightly more comp

lex example:

#includ
e

int main()

int b;

printf("Enter a value:");

scanf("%d", &b);

if (b <>

printf("The value is negative\n");

else if (b == 0)

printf("The value is zero\n");

else

printf("The value is positive\n");

return 0;

In this example, the else if and else sections evaluate

for zero and positive values as well.

Here is a more complicated Boolean expression:

if ((x==y) && (j>k))

z=1;

else

q=10;

This statement says, "If the value in variable x equals the value in variable y, and if the value in variable j is greater than the value in variable k, then set the variable z to 1, otherwise set the variable q to 10." You will use if statements like this throughout your C programs to make decisions. In general, most of the decisions you

make will be simple ones like the first example; but on occasion, things get more complicated.

Notice that C uses == to test for equality, while it uses = to assign a value to a variable. The && in C represents a Boolean AND operation.

Here are all of the Boolean operators in C:

equality          ==

less than         <

Greater than      >

<=                <=

>=                >=

inequality        !=

and               &&

or                ||

not               !

You'll find that while statements are just as easy to use as if statements. For example:

while (a <>

printf("%d\n", a);

a = a + 1;

This causes the two lines within the braces to be executed repeatedly until a is greater than or equal to b. The while statement in general works like this:

C also provides a do-while structure:

do

printf("%d\n", a);

a = a + 1;

while (a <>

The for loop in C is simply a shorthand way of expressing a while statement. For example, suppose you have the following code in C:

x=1;

while (x<10)

blah blah blah

x++; /* x++ is the same as saying x=x+1 */

You can convert this into a for loop as follows:

for(x=1; x<10;>

blah blah blah

Note that the while loop contains an initialization step (x=1), a test step (x<10), and an increment step (x++). The for loop lets you put all three parts onto one line, but you can put anything into those three parts. For example, suppose you have the following loop:

a=1;

b=6;

while (a <>

a++;

printf("%d\n",a);

You can place this into a for statement as well:

for (a=1,b=6; a <>

It is slightly confusing, but it is possible. The comma operator lets you separate several different statements in the initialization and increment sections of the for loop (but not in the test section). Many C programmers like to pack a lot of information into a single line of C code; but a lot of people think it makes the code harder to understand, so they break it up.

= vs. == in Boolean expressions

The == sign is a problem in C because every now and then you may forget and type just = in a Boolean expression. This is an easy mistake to make, but to the compiler there is a very important difference. C will accept either = and == in a Boolean expression -- the behavior of the program changes remarkably between the two, however.

Boolean expressions evaluate to integers in C, and integers can be used inside of Boolean expressions. The integer value 0 in C is False, while any other integer value is True. The following is legal in C:

#include

int main()

int a;

printf("Enter a number:");

scanf("%d", &a);

if (a)

printf("The value is True\n");

return 0;

If a is anything other than 0, the printf statement gets executed.

In C, a statement like if (a=b) means, "Assign b to a, and then test a for its Boolean value." So if a becomes 0, the if statement is False; otherwise, it is True. The value of a changes in the process. This is not the intended behavior if you meant to type == (although this feature is useful when used correctly), so be careful with your = and == usage.

learnings of the week (lorebeth betinol)

2008-10-17T02:43:00.000-07:00

This week I can say that we are so busy. We had our activity about computer programming and its all about Conditional statements, though I can say that its hard but I can say that I'm learning
every sesssion and that's important.... I'm signing out.

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Oct. 6 - Oct. 10)

2008-10-10T22:10:00.000-07:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK

By: Cielito M. Cantero

IV – Rizal

This week, we still have series of activities in programming using the turbo. We usually use scanf in programming. But now, let’s see how it works.

The scanf function allows you to accept input from standard in, which for us is generally the keyboard. The scanf function can do a lot of different things, but it is generally unreliable unless used in the simplest ways. It is unreliable because it does not handle human errors very well. But for simple programs it is good enough and easy-to-use.

The simplest application of scanf looks like this:

scanf("%d", &b);

The program will read in an integer value that the user enters on the keyboard (%d is for integers, as is printf, so b must be declared as an int) and place that value into b.

The scanf function uses the same placeholders as printf:

int uses %d
float uses %f
char uses %c
character strings (discussed later) use %s

You MUST put & in front of the variable used in scanf. The reason why will become clear once you learn about pointers. It is easy to forget the & sign, and when you forget it your program will almost always crash when you run it.

In general, it is best to use scanf as shown here -- to read a single value from the keyboard. Use multiple calls to scanf to read multiple values. In any real program, you will use the gets or fgets functions instead to read text a line at a time. Then you will "parse" the line to read its values. The reason that you do that is so you can detect errors in the input and handle them as you see fit.

The printf and scanf functions will take a bit of practice to be completely understood, but once mastered they are extremely useful.

Try This!

Modify this program so that it accepts three values instead of two and adds all three together:

·                #include

·

·                int main()

·                {

·                int a, b, c;

·                printf("Enter the first value:");

·                scanf("%d", &a);

·                printf("Enter the second value:");

·                scanf("%d", &b);

·                c = a + b;

·                printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);

·                return 0;

·                }

Try deleting or adding random characters or words in one of the previous programs and watch how the compiler reacts to these errors.

For example, delete the b variable in the first line of the above program and see what the compiler does when you forget to declare a variable. Delete a semicolon and see what happens. Leave out one of the braces. Remove one of the parentheses next to the main function. Make each error by itself and then run the program through the compiler to see what happens. By simulating errors like these, you can learn about different compiler errors, and that will make your typos easier to find when you make them for real.

C Errors to Avoid

Using the wrong character case - Case matters in C, so you cannot type Printf or PRINTF. It must be printf.
Forgetting to use the & in scanf
Too many or too few parameters following the format statement in printf or scanf
Forgetting to declare a variable name before using it

Learnings of the week (lorebeth)

2008-10-10T22:00:00.000-07:00

The scanf function allows you to accept input from standard in, which for us is generally the keyboard. The scanf function can do a lot of different things, but it is generally unreliable unless used in the simplest ways. It is unreliable because it does not handle human errors very well. But for simple programs it is good enough and easy-to-use. The simplest application of scanf looks like this: scanf("%d", &b); The program will read in an integer value that the user enters on the keyboard (%d is for integers, as is printf, so b must be declared as an int) and place that value into b. The scanf function uses the same placeholders as printf: int uses %dfloat uses %fchar uses %ccharacter strings (discussed later) use %s You MUST put & in front of the variable used in scanf. The reason why will become clear once you learn about pointers. It is easy to forget the & sign, and when you forget it your program will almost always crash when you run it. In general, it is best to use scanf as shown here -- to read a single value from the keyboard. Use multiple calls to scanf to read multiple values. In any real program, you will use the gets or fgets functions instead to read text a line at a time. Then you will "parse" the line to read its values. The reason that you do that is so you can detect errors in the input and handle them as you see fit.

The printf and scanf functions will take a bit of practice to be completely understood, but once mastered they are extremely useful.
C Errors to Avoid Using the wrong character case - Case matters in C, so you cannot type Printf or PRINTF. It must be printf.Forgetting to use the & in scanfToo many or too few parameters following the format statement in printf or scanfForgetting to declare a variable name before using it

2008-10-07T18:32:00.000-07:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Oct.6-10)

By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

For this week, we have still encounter a lots of programming activities. But for the meantime, let's check it out what scanf really means.

The scanf function allows you to accept input from standard in, which for us is generally the keyboard. The scanf function can do a lot of different things, but it is generally unreliable unless used in the simplest ways. It is unreliable because it does not handle human errors very well. But for simple programs it is good enough and easy-to-use.

The simplest application of scanf looks like this:

scanf("%d", &b);The program will read in an integer value that the user enters on the keyboard (%d is for integers, as is printf, so b must be declared as an int) and place that value into b.

The scanf function uses the same placeholders as printf:

int uses %d
float uses %f
char uses %c
character strings (discussed later) use %s
You MUST put & in front of the variable used in scanf. The reason why will become clear once you learn about pointers. It is easy to forget the & sign, and when you forget it your program will almost always crash when you run it.

In general, it is best to use scanf as shown here -- to read a single value from the keyboard. Use multiple calls to scanf to read multiple values. In any real program, you will use the gets or fgets functions instead to read text a line at a time. Then you will "parse" the line to read its values. The reason that you do that is so you can detect errors in the input and handle them as you see fit.

The printf and scanf functions will take a bit of practice to be completely understood, but once mastered they are extremely useful.

Try This!

Modify this program so that it accepts three values instead of two and adds all three together:
· #include · · int main()· {· int a, b, c;· printf("Enter the first value:");· scanf("%d", &a);· printf("Enter the second value:");· scanf("%d", &b);· c = a + b;· printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);· return 0;· }Try deleting or adding random characters or words in one of the previous programs and watch how the compiler reacts to these errors.
For example, delete the b variable in the first line of the above program and see what the compiler does when you forget to declare a variable. Delete a semicolon and see what happens. Leave out one of the braces. Remove one of the parentheses next to the main function. Make each error by itself and then run the program through the compiler to see what happens. By simulating errors like these, you can learn about different compiler errors, and that will make your typos easier to find when you make them for real.

C Errors to Avoid

Using the wrong character case - Case matters in C, so you cannot type Printf or PRINTF. It must be printf.
Forgetting to use the & in scanf
Too many or too few parameters following the format statement in printf or scanf
Forgetting to declare a variable name before using it

2008-10-05T18:25:00.000-07:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Sept.29-Oct.3)

By: Frea Diane T. Bautista

This week, we always tackle about the different kinds of activities in programming we need to perform using the Turbo TC. All the activities given to us are challenging yet difficult to figure out.

Check out below the example.

Example:

#include int main(){ int a, b, c; printf("Enter the first value:"); scanf("%d", &a); printf("Enter the second value:"); scanf("%d", &b); c = a + b; printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c); return 0;}
Note that scanf uses the same sort of format string as printf (type man scanf for more info). Also note the & in front of a and b. This is the address operator in C: It returns the address of the variable (this will not make sense until we discuss pointers). You must use the & operator in scanf on any variable of type char, int, or float, as well as structure types (which we will get to shortly). If you leave out the & operator, you will get an error when you run the program. Try it so that you can see what that sort of run-time error looks like.

Let's look at some variations to understand printf completely. Here is the simplest printf statement:

printf("Hello");This call to printf has a format string that tells printf to send the word "Hello" to standard out. Contrast it with this:

printf("Hello\n");The difference between the two is that the second version sends the word "Hello" followed by a carriage return to standard out.

The following line shows how to output the value of a variable using printf.

printf("%d", b);The %d is a placeholder that will be replaced by the value of the variable b when the printf statement is executed. Often, you will want to embed the value within some other words. One way to accomplish that is like this:

printf("The temperature is "); printf("%d", b); printf(" degrees\n");An easier way is to say this:

printf("The temperature is %d degrees\n", b);You can also use multiple %d placeholders in one printf statement:

printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);In the printf statement, it is extremely important that the number of operators in the format string corresponds exactly with the number and type of the variables following it. For example, if the format string contains three %d operators, then it must be followed by exactly three parameters and they must have the same types in the same order as those specified by the operators.

You can print all of the normal C types with printf by using different placeholders:

int (integer values) uses %d
float (floating point values) uses %f
char (single character values) uses %c
character strings (arrays of characters, discussed later) use %s

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Sept. 29 - Oct. 3)

2008-10-05T09:25:00.000-07:00

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK

By: Cielito M. Cantero

IV – Rizal

This week, we always have series of activities about programming. We have more complicated problems than the other we used to solve the other week. It’s hard for me to get perfect to the activities because different and harder problems were given and many kinds of solutions are presented.

Below, you will see how the user values were read.

Example:

#include

int main()

    int a, b, c;

    printf("Enter the first value:");

    scanf("%d", &a);

    printf("Enter the second value:");

    scanf("%d", &b);

    c = a + b;

    printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);

    return 0;

Let's look at some variations to understand printf completely. Here is the simplest printf statement:

    printf("Hello");

This call to printf has a format string that tells printf to send the word "Hello" to standard out. Contrast it with this:

    printf("Hello\n");

The difference between the two is that the second version sends the word "Hello" followed by a carriage return to standard out.

The following line shows how to output the value of a variable using printf.

    printf("%d", b);

    printf("The temperature is ");

    printf("%d", b);

    printf(" degrees\n");

An easier way is to say this:

    printf("The temperature is %d degrees\n", b);

You can also use multiple %d placeholders in one printf statement:

    printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);

You can print all of the normal C types with printf by using different placeholders:

int (integer values) uses %d
float (floating point values) uses %f
char (single character values) uses %c
character strings (arrays of characters, discussed later) use %s

Learnings of the Week (lorebeh)

2008-10-04T09:07:00.000-07:00

Well, actually we did not meet since the first day of the week because we are so busy having the Science And Math activities .

Our adviser also asked us to update our DOST scholarship in USEP that is why he gave us two whole days for that.

Learnings of the Week! (Sept. 22-26)

2008-09-27T22:36:00.000-07:00

By: Steffany Queen P. Bigoy

This week, we discussed about conditional statements used in programming. We applied them to some of our activities. I learned it a lot.

Below, are the lessons we've discussed this week.

Conditional Statement

Are statements that check an expression then may or may not execute a statement or group of statement depending on the result of the condition.

Types of Conditional Statement

The If Statement

The If-Else Statement

The Nested-If Statement

The If-Else-If Ladder

The Switch Statement

The Nested Switch Statement

The If Statement

The general form of the If statement is:

if ( expression)

statement;

• Expression is relational or Boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.

• Statement may either be a single C statement or a block of C statements.

• The general form of the If statement with block statement is:

if ( expression)

{

statement_sequence;

}

• In an if statement, if the expression evaluates to TRUE (1), the statement or the block of statements that forms the target of the if statement will be executed. Otherwise, the program will ignore the statement or the block of statements.

The If-Else statement

The general form of the if-else statement is:

If (expression)

statement_1;

else

statement_2;

l Where:

– If and else are reserved words

– Expression is relational or Boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.

– Statement_1 and statement_2 may either be a single C statement or a block of c statements.

l The general form of the if-else statement with block of statement is:

If (expression)

{ statement_sequence;

}

else

{

statement_sequence;

}

l If an if-else statement, if the expression is TRUE (1), the statement or block of statement after the if statement will be executed; otherwise, the statement or block of statement in the else statement will be executed.

Note: Only the code associated with the if or the code that is associated with the else executes, never both.

Nested-If statement

One of the most confusing aspects of the if statement in any programming language is nested ifs. A nested if is an if statement that is the object of either an if or else.

This is sometimes referred to as “an if within an if.”

The reason that nested ifs are so confusing is that it can be difficult to know what else associates with what if.

Fortunately, C provides a very simple rule for resolving this type of situation.

In C, the else is linked to the closest preceding if that does not already have an else statement associated with it.

Consider the following situations:

– Situations 1. The else at number 3 is paired with the if in number 2 since it is the nearest if statement with the else statement.

l 1. if…..

l 2. if ……

…

l 3. else

l Consider the following situations:

Situations 2. The else in number 5 is paired with the if in number 1.

l 1. if ….

l 2. {

l 3. if ….

l 4. }

l 5. else

Note that there is a pair of braces found in number 2 and number 4.

The pair of braces defined the scope of the if statement in number 1 starting from the { in number 2 and ends with } in number 4.

Therefore, the else statement in number 5 cannot paired with the if statement in number 3 because the else statement is outside the scope of the first if statement.

This makes the if statement in number 1 the nearest if statement to the else statement in number 5.

The if-else-if Ladder

A common programming construct in C is the if-else- if ladder.

The general form of the if-else-if ladder statement is:

if ( expression_1)

statement_1;

else if (expression_2)

statement_2;

else if (expression_3;

statement_3;

else

statement_else;

l Where:

– If and else are reserve words in C

– Expression_1, expression_2 up to expression_n in relational or boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.

– Statement_1, statement_2 up to statement_else may either be a single C statement or a block of C statement.

In an if-else-if ladder statement, the expression are evaluated from the top downward.

As soon as a true condition is found, the statement associated with it is executed and the rest of the ladder will not be executed. If none of the condition is true, the final else is executed.

The final else acts as a defaults condition. If all other conditions are false, the last else statement is performed.

If the final else is not present, then no action takes place.

Note: The final else is optional, you may include this part if needed in the program or you may not include if not needed

The switch statement

The switch statement is a multiple-branch decision statement.

The general form of the switch statement is:

switch (variable)

{

case constant1:

statement sequence_1;

break;

case constant2:

statement_sequence_2;

break;

default:

statement_sequence_default;

}

In a switch statement, a variable is successively tested against a list or integer or character constants.

If a match is found, a statement or block of statement is executed.

The default part of the switch is executed if no matches are found.

According to Herbert Schildt (1992), there are three important things to know about switch statements:

1. The switch differs from if statements in such a way that switch can only test fro equality whereas if can evaluate a relational or logical expression.

2. No two case constants in the same switch can have identical values. Of course, a switch statement enclosed by an outer switch may have case constant that are the same.

3. If character constants are used in the switch, they are automatically converted to their integer values.

Note: The break statement is used to terminate the statement associated with each case constant. It is a C keyword which means that at that point of execution, you should jump to the end of the switch statement by the symbol }.

The Nested Switch Statement

The general form of the nested switch statement is:

switch (variable)

{

case constant:{

switch (variable)

{

case constant1:

statement sequence_1;

break;

case constant2:

statement_sequence_2;

break;

}

break;

}

case constant2:

statement sequence;

break;

default:

statement sequence;

}